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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2022; 16(02): 443-448
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739442
Original Article

Low Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α will Prevent Periodontitis Exacerbation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Titiek Berniyanti
1   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Gilang Rasuna Sabdho Wening
1   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Retno Palupi
1   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Dini Setyowati
1   Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Cindy Ramadhan Putri
2   Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Abstract

Objectives Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for periodontitis. Susceptibility to periodontitis increases approximately three times in people with DM. There is a clear relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and the severity of periodontitis. This study aimed to analyze the reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in diabetics who came for periodontitis examination to prevent exacerbations.

Materials and Methods This was an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional approach at health centers in Surabaya, Indonesia. Measurement of periodontal status used the community periodontal index of treatment needs by measuring bleeding at probing and pocket depth. TNF-α was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and behavior and lifestyle using a questionnaire.

Statistical Analysis The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed to identify data normality (p < 0.05). A nonparametric test was used to measure the degree of association between different characteristics and the incidence of periodontitis in type 2 DM patients with and without periodontitis. Spearman's test was done to examine the correlation between TNF-α level and severity of periodontitis in diabetics. The significant level was at p <0.05.

Results There was a correlation between age, predisposing factors, reinforcing factors, drug consumption, and TNF-α levels in patients with type 2 DM and the incidence of periodontitis.

Conclusions Poor glycemic control can induce oxidative stress on the gingiva, thereby aggravating damage to periodontal tissue. An important factor in preventing periodontitis for type 2 DM patients is controlling blood sugar levels through regular consumption of drugs and regular maintenance of oral cavity health. Knowledge is a predisposing factor that affects adherence of people with type 2 DM to consuming drugs regularly, which can be strengthened by family support. These will ultimately play a role in reducing TNF-α levels.

Keywords

healthy lifestyle - TNF-α - diabetes - periodontitis - behavior

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach, performed after accepting ethical clearance from the Faculty of Dental Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, with Licensing Certificate Number 133/HRECC.FODM/VII/2018. Written informed consents were collected from 90 respondents with type 2 DM with and without periodontitis who were taken as samples, and measurements were made on bleeding on probing and the depth of the pocket with CPITN. TNF-α was measured by ELISA, while questionnaires were used to measure behavior and lifestyle. All participants were in a position to understand and consent to the study requirements, and provided written informed consent.


Availability of Data

The datasets generated and/or analyzed in the course of the cutting-edge have a look at are not public to be had because of obstacles of moral approval regarding the affected person records and anonymity, however, are to be had from the corresponding creator on affordable request.


Authors' Contributions

T.B. conceived the presented idea and wrote the manuscript. G.R.S.W. wrote the manuscript and conceptualized the study. R.P. analyzed the data and performed the analytic calculations. D.S. performed the experiments. C.R.P. interpreted the data. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.




Publication History

Article published online:
11 January 2022

© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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