Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · European Journal of General Dentistry 2021; 10(03): 123-128
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736378
Original Article

Modification of Enamel Surface Morphology and Strength Using Nd:YAG Laser with Proper and Safe Parameters

Amera Alkaisi
1   Department of Dentistry, Al Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq
,
Salma B.A. Abdo
1   Department of Dentistry, Al Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq
2   Dental Department, Mediclinic Hospitals Middle East, UAE and Al Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a Nd:YAG laser on enamel surface morphology and hardness using different energies and pulses.

Materials and Methods Twenty freshly extracted mature teeth were collected and sectioned. An Nd:YAG laser operating at 1,064 nm wavelength and providing up to 9 nanosecond laser pulses (1 J), with a laser spot diameter of 0.8 mm and irradiated surface area of 3 × 3 mm2, was applied to carbon black-coated teeth. The samples were randomly divided into two main groups; each group comprised 20 samples, according to the treatment parameters. The first group was further divided into subgroups A, B1, C1, and D1 using the different energies of 0, 350, 450, and 550 mJ, respectively, with 1 pulse for B1, C1, and D1. The second group was subdivided into A, B2, C2, and D2 and treated with 200 mJ, 3, 4, and 6 pulses for subgroups B2, C2 and D2, respectively. Subgroup A was the same sample for both groups as control with 0 pulses and 0 energy. Morphological features and microhardness were evaluated after laser exposure.

Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance (Kruskal–Wallis test) was used to compare all subgroups, followed by the Scheefy significant difference post hoc test to determine the highest significance of the subgroups. Alpha < 0.05 was set as significant.

Results The changes in the surface morphology of the enamel included increased crystal sizes, cracks, fissures, and voids with increasing energies and pulses. In group 1, the microhardness was 405.6, 562.7, 612, and 637 for energies of 0, 350, 450, and 550 mJ, respectively. In group 2, the microhardness was 405.6, 673, 866, and 1,050 for 0, 3, 4, and 6 pulses, respectively.

Conclusion The Nd:YAG laser is efficient for increasing the microhardness of the enamel surface with minimum morphological damage by applying low energy with more pulses.

Keywords

enamel - morphology - pulses - energy - Nd:YAG


Publication History

Article published online:
18 October 2021

© 2021. European Journal of General Dentistry. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Sulieman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dental practice: 1. Laser physics and tissue interactions. Dent Update 2005; 32 (04) 228-230 , 233–234, 236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kim KS, Kim ME, Shin EJ. Irradiation time and ablation rate of enamel in contact and non-contact irradiation with Er:YAG laser. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23 (02) 216-218
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Golnabi H, Mahdieh MH. Trend of laser research developments in global level. Optics & Laser Tchnology 2006; 38 (02) 122-131
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Deppe H, Horch HH. Laser applications in oral surgery and implant dentistry. Lasers Med Sci 2007; 22 (04) 217-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Fantarella D, Kotlow L. The 9.3-μm CO2 dental laser: technical development and early clinical experiences. J Laser Dent 2014; 22(1): 10-27
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Sulieman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dental practice: 2. Laser wavelengths, soft and hard tissue clinical applications. Dent Update 2005; 32 (05) 286-288 , 291–294, 296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Abdo S, Alkaisi A, Saleem M, Zetouni J. Clinical applications of lasers in Endodontic. J Dent Res 2018; 1: 7-15
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Oviya M. Eapen BV, Ganapathy D. A review on usage of laser in oral surgery. Eur J Mol & Clin Med 2021; 08 (01) 431-440
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Butchibabu K, Koppolu P, Mishra A, Pandey R, Swapna LA, Uppada UK. Evaluation of patient perceptions after labial frenectomy procedure: a comparison of diode laser and scalpel techniques. Eur J Gen Dent 2014; 3 (02) 129-133
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Reza B, Mohsen HS, Elham F, Mina N, Sara N, Ehsan B. Evaluation of root canal smear layer removal by two types of lasers: a scanning electron microscopy study. Eur J Gen Dent 2013; 2 (02) 151-157
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Banda NR, Vanaja Reddy G, Shashikiran ND. Evaluation of primary tooth enamel surface morphology and microhardness after Nd:YAG laser irradiation and APF gel treatment–an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2011; 35 (04) 377-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Azevedo DT, Faraoni-Romano JJ, Derceli JdosR, Palma-Dibb RG. Effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with fluoride on the prevention of primary tooth enamel demineralization. Braz Dent J 2012; 23 (02) 104-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Correa-Afonso AM, Pécora JD, Palma-Dibb RG. Influence of laser irradiation on pits and fissures: an in situ study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31 (02) 82-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Nishidate I, Aizu Y, Mishina H. Estimation of melanin and hemoglobin in skin tissue using multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulation. J Biomed Opt 2004; 9 (04) 700-710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Weiner GP. Laser dentistry practice management. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48 (04) 1105-1126 , ix
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Dederich DN. Laser/tissue interaction: what happens to laser light when it strikes tissue?. J Am Dent Assoc 1993; 124 (02) 57-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Parker S. Verifiable CPD paper: laser-tissue interaction. Br Dent J 2007; 202 (02) 73-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Lizarelli RFZ, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS. Temperature response in the pulpal chamber of primary human teeth exposed to Nd:YAG laser using a picosecond pulsed regime. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24 (05) 610-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kuramoto Júnior M, Matson E, Turbino ML, Marques RA. Microhardness of Nd:YAG laser irradiated enamel surfaces. Braz Dent J 2001; 12 (01) 31-33
    Google Scholar
  • 20 McDonald AV, Claffey NM, Pearson GJ, Blau W, Setchell DJ. Effect of Nd:YAG radiation at millisecond pulse duration on dentine crater depth. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 27 (03) 213-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Nammour S, Kowalyk K, Valici C. et al. Safety parameters for pulp temperature during selective ablation of caries by KTP laser in vitro. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004; 22 (02) 99-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Ana PA, Bachmann L, Zezell DM. Laser effects on enamel for caries prevention. Laser Phys 2006; 16: 865 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054660X06050197
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Ana PA, Blay A, Miyakawa W, Zezell DM. Thermal analysis of teeth irradiated with Er,C:YSGG laser at low fluences. Laser Phys Lett 2007; 4: 827-830
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Shakir ZS, Alkaisi AK. Nd:YAG laser enhance dental enamel resistance to demineralization preventing dental caries. GJRA 2019; 8 (07) 157-159
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Al-Jedani S, Al-Hadeethi Y, Ansari MS, Razvi MAN. Dental hard tissue ablation with laser irradiation. Austin Dent Sci 2016; 1(1): 1007
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Tagomori S, Iwase T. Ultrastructural change of enamel exposed to a normal pulsed Nd-YAG laser. Caries Res 1995; 29 (06) 513-520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Tsai CL, Lin YT, Huang ST, Chang HW. In vitro acid resistance of CO2 and Nd-YAG laser-treated human tooth enamel. Caries Res 2002; 36 (06) 423-429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Jennett E, Motamedi M, Rastegar S, Frederickson C, Arcoria C, Powers JM. Dye-enhanced ablation of enamel by pulsed lasers. J Dent Res 1994; 73 (12) 1841-1847
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Gelskey SC, White JM, Gelskey DE, Kremers W. Vapor emissions resulting from Nd:YAG laser interaction with tooth structure. Dent Mater 1998; 14 (06) 453-457
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Armengol V, Jean A, Marion D. Temperature rise during Er:YAG and Nd:YAP laser ablation of dentin. J Endod 2000; 26 (03) 138-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Matsumoto N, Matsumoto K. Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in human enamel and dentin: ablation and morphological studies. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999; 17 (04) 155-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kwon YH, Lee JS, Choi YH, Lee JM, Song KB. Change of enamel after Er:YAG and CO2 laser irradiation and fluoride treatment. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23 (04) 389-394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Bedini R, Manzon L, Fratto G, Pecci R. Microhardness and morphological changes induced by Nd:Yag laser on dental enamel: an in vitro study. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2010; 46 (02) 168-172
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Antunes A, de Rossi W, Zezell DM. Spectroscopic alterations on enamel and dentin after nanosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2006; 64 (05) 1142-1146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Fowler BO, Kuroda S. Changes in heated and in laser-irradiated human tooth enamel and their probable effects on solubility. Calcif Tissue Int 1986; 38 (04) 197-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Bachmann L, Baffa O, Gomes ASL, Zezell DM. Chemical origin of the native ESR signals in thermally treated enamel and dentin. Physica B 2004; 349: 119-123
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Liu Y, Hsu CYS. Laser-induced compositional changes on enamel: a FT-Raman study. J Dent 2007; 35 (03) 226-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Florin R, Herrmann C, Bernhardt W. Measuring microhardness of laser exposed tooth surface [Article in German]. Stomatol DDR 1990; 40 (02) 49-51
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Oho T, Morioka T. A possible mechanism of acquired acid resistance of human dental enamel by laser irradiation. Caries Res 1990; 24 (02) 86-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Márquez F, Quintana E, Roca I, Salgado J. Physical-mechanical effects of Nd:YAG laser on the surface of sound dental enamel. Biomaterials 1993; 14 (04) 313-316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Majori M, Manzon L, Pane S, Bedini R. Effects of Nd:YAG laser on dental enamel. J Appl Biomater Biomech 2005; 3 (02) 128-133
    PubMedGoogle Scholar