Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2022; 26(01): 013-027
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731795
Review Article

Imaging Review of Hockey-related Lower Extremity Injuries

R. Davis Holmes 
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
,
Yet Yen Yan 
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
2   Department of Radiology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
,
Paul I Mallinson 
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
,
Gordon T Andrews
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
,
Peter L Munk
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
,
Hugue A Ouellette 
1   Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Hockey is a fast-paced contact sport with a high incidence of injuries. Although injuries are more frequent among elite players, recreational hockey injuries are a common issue faced by primary care and emergency physicians. Lower extremity injuries in hockey are particularly important because they account for approximately a third of all injuries and > 60% of all overuse injuries. This pictorial review provides the general and specialty trained radiologist with a knowledge of the patterns of lower extremity injury that occur in ice hockey.

Keywords

sports imaging - hockey - magnetic resonance imaging - lower extremity injuries


Publication History

Article published online:
09 February 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Tuominen M, Stuart MJ, Aubry M, Kannus P, Parkkari J. Injuries in men's international ice hockey: a 7-year study of the International Ice Hockey Federation Adult World Championship Tournaments and Olympic Winter Games. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49 (01) 30-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Agel J, Dompier TP, Dick R, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train 2007; 42 (02) 241-248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Donaldson L, Li B, Cusimano MD. Economic burden of time lost due to injury in NHL hockey players. Inj Prev 2014; 20 (05) 347-349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Ayeni OR, Kowalczuk M, Farag J. et al. Trends in reporting of mechanisms and incidence of hip injuries in males playing minor ice hockey in Canada: a cross-sectional study. Open Access J Sports Med 2014; 5: 143-149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men's ice hockey: an analysis of injuries. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (02) 183-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Emery CA, Meeuwisse WH, Powell JW. Groin and abdominal strain injuries in the National Hockey League. Clin J Sport Med 1999; 9 (03) 151-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cruz CA, Kerbel Y, Smith CM, Prodromo J, Trojan JD, Mulcahey MK. A sport-specific analysis of the epidemiology of hip injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes from 2009 to 2014. Arthroscopy 2019; 35 (09) 2724-2732
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Wörner T, Thorborg K, Eek F. High prevalence of hip and groin problems in professional ice hockey players, regardless of playing position. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28 (07) 2302-2308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Epstein DM, McHugh M, Yorio M, Neri B. Intra-articular hip injuries in national hockey league players: a descriptive epidemiological study. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (02) 343-348
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Jonsson J, Jonsson M, Tegner Y. The epidemiology of overuse injuries in ice hockey: an analysis from 29 seasons in the Swedish Elite League. Open Access J Ortho Sports Med 2019; 2 (04) 184-188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Bisciotti GN, Volpi P, Zini R. et al. Groin Pain Syndrome Italian Consensus Conference on terminology, clinical evaluation and imaging assessment in groin pain in athlete. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2 (01) e000142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Weir A, Brukner P, Delahunt E. et al. Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49 (12) 768-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kai B, Lee KD, Andrews G, Wilkinson M, Forster BB. Puck to pubalgia: imaging of groin pain in professional hockey players. Can Assoc Radiol J 2010; 61 (02) 74-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Eckard TG, Padua DA, Dompier TP, Dalton SL, Thorborg K, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of hip flexor and hip adductor strains in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes, 2009/2010–2014/2015. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (12) 2713-2722
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 de Koning JJ, de Groot G, van Ingen Schenau GJ. Coordination of leg muscles during speed skating. J Biomech 1991; 24 (02) 137-146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Stull JD, Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF. “At-risk” positioning and hip biomechanics of the Peewee ice hockey sprint start. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (Suppl): 29S-35S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Chang R, Turcotte R, Pearsall D. Hip adductor muscle function in forward skating. Sports Biomech 2009; 8 (03) 212-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Zoga AC, Mullens FE, Meyers WC. The spectrum of MR imaging in athletic pubalgia. Radiol Clin North Am 2010; 48 (06) 1179-1197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudière B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96 (09) 861-869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Falvey ÉC, King E, Kinsella S, Franklyn-Miller A. Athletic groin pain (part 1): a prospective anatomical diagnosis of 382 patients—clinical findings, MRI findings and patient-reported outcome measures at baseline. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50 (07) 423-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Brennan D, O'Connell MJ, Ryan M. et al. Secondary cleft sign as a marker of injury in athletes with groin pain: MR image appearance and interpretation. Radiology 2005; 235 (01) 162-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. “Superior cleft sign” as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol 2013; 42 (06) 819-825
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Paajanen H, Hermunen H, Ristolainen L, Branci S. Long-standing groin pain in contact sports: a prospective case-control and MRI study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5 (01) e000507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Byrne CA, Bowden DJ, Alkhayat A, Kavanagh EC, Eustace SJ. Sports-related groin pain secondary to symphysis pubis disorders: correlation between MRI findings and outcome after fluoroscopy-guided injection of steroid and local anesthetic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 209 (02) 380-388
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Silvis ML, Mosher TJ, Smetana BS. et al. High prevalence of pelvic and hip magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic collegiate and professional hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (04) 715-721
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Heerey JJ, Kemp JL, Mosler AB. et al. What is the prevalence of imaging-defined intra-articular hip pathologies in people with and without pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52 (09) 581-593
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Gallo RA, Silvis ML, Smetana B. et al. Asymptomatic hip/groin pathology identified on magnetic resonance imaging of professional hockey players: outcomes and playing status at 4 years' follow-up. Arthroscopy 2014; 30 (10) 1222-1228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Zuckerbraun BS, Cyr AR, Mauro CS. Groin pain syndrome known as sports hernia: a review. JAMA Surg 2020; 155 (04) 340-348
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Kajetanek C, Benoît O, Granger B. et al. Athletic pubalgia: return to play after targeted surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2018; 104 (04) 469-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Kuhn AW, Noonan BC, Kelly BT, Larson CM, Bedi A. The hip in ice hockey: a current concepts review. Arthroscopy 2016; 32 (09) 1928-1938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Buckeridge E, LeVangie MC, Stetter B, Nigg SR, Nigg BM. An on-ice measurement approach to analyse the biomechanics of ice hockey skating. PLoS One 2015; 10 (05) e0127324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Serner A, Tol JL, Jomaah N. et al. Diagnosis of acute groin injuries: a prospective study of 110 athletes. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (08) 1857-1864
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Serner A, Weir A, Tol JL. et al. Characteristics of acute groin injuries in the hip flexor muscles—a detailed MRI study in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28 (02) 677-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Krishnamoorthy VP, Kunze KN, Beck EC. et al. Radiographic prevalence of symphysis pubis abnormalities and clinical outcomes in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47 (06) 1467-1472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188 (03) W291-W296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Briggs RC, Kolbjornsen PH, Southall RC. Osteitis pubis, Tc-99m MDP, and professional hockey players. Clin Nucl Med 1992; 17 (11) 861-863
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Branci S, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, Hölmich P. Radiological findings in symphyseal and adductor-related groin pain in athletes: a critical review of the literature. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 (10) 611-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Williams PR, Thomas DP, Downes EM. Osteitis pubis and instability of the pubic symphysis. When nonoperative measures fail. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (03) 350-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Garras DN, Carothers JT, Olson SA. Single-leg-stance (flamingo) radiographs to assess pelvic instability: how much motion is normal?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (10) 2114-2118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Gibbon WW, Hession PR. Diseases of the pubis and pubic symphysis: MR imaging appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169 (03) 849-853
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Kunduracioglu B, Yilmaz C, Yorubulut M, Kudas S. Magnetic resonance findings of osteitis pubis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25 (03) 535-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Gaudino F, Spira D, Bangert Y. et al. Osteitis pubis in professional football players: MRI findings and correlation with clinical outcome. Eur J Radiol 2017; 94: 46-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Paajanen H, Hermunen H, Karonen J. Effect of heavy training in contact sports on MRI findings in the pubic region of asymptomatic competitive athletes compared with non-athlete controls. Skeletal Radiol 2011; 40 (01) 89-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Lovell G, Galloway H, Hopkins W, Harvey A. Osteitis pubis and assessment of bone marrow edema at the pubic symphysis with MRI in an elite junior male soccer squad. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16 (02) 117-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Kuikka L, Hermunen H, Paajanen H. Effect of pubic bone marrow edema on recovery from endoscopic surgery for athletic pubalgia. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 (01) 98-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Paajanen H, Hermunen H, Karonen J. Pubic magnetic resonance imaging findings in surgically and conservatively treated athletes with osteitis pubis compared to asymptomatic athletes during heavy training. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (01) 117-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Cheatham SW, Kolber MJ, Shimamura KK. The effectiveness of nonoperative rehabilitation programs for athletes diagnosed with osteitis pubis. J Sport Rehabil 2016; 25 (04) 399-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Via AG, Frizziero A, Finotti P, Oliva F, Randelli F, Maffulli N. Management of osteitis pubis in athletes: rehabilitation and return to training—a review of the most recent literature. Open Access J Sports Med 2018; 10: 1-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 King E, Ward J, Small L, Falvey E, Franklyn-Miller A. Athletic groin pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical versus physical therapy rehabilitation outcomes. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49 (22) 1447-1451
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Brown RA, Mascia A, Kinnear DG, Lacroix V, Feldman L, Mulder DS. An 18-year review of sports groin injuries in the elite hockey player: clinical presentation, new diagnostic imaging, treatment, and results. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18 (03) 221-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Vasileff WK, Nekhline M, Kolowich PA, Talpos GB, Eyler WR, van Holsbeeck M. Inguinal hernia in athletes: role of dynamic ultrasound. Sports Health 2017; 9 (05) 414-421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Daigeler A, Belyaev O, Pennekamp WH. et al. MRI findings do not correlate with outcome in athletes with chronic groin pain. J Sports Sci Med 2007; 6 (01) 71-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Branci S, Robinson P. Imaging in long-standing groin pain in athletes. Accessed March 7, 2020 at: https://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=155#.XmQQOpNKgxE
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Ultrasonography in diagnosing clinically occult groin hernia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2018; 28 (11) 4550-4560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Robinson A, Light D, Nice C. Meta-analysis of sonography in the diagnosis of inguinal hernias. J Ultrasound Med 2013; 32 (02) 339-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Neiman M, Halshtok Neiman O, Aharoni D, Liberman B, Adar E, Eshed I. Magnetic resonance arthrography of the hip: prevalence of diagnoses not suspected by the referring physician and correlation with clinical examination and pain score. Acta Radiol 2016; 57 (05) 595-601
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Larson CM, Ross JR, Kuhn AW. et al. Radiographic hip anatomy correlates with range of motion and symptoms in National Hockey League players. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (07) 1633-1639
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Sutter R, Pfirrmann CWA. Update on femoroacetabular impingement: what is new, and how should we assess it?. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2017; 21 (05) 518-528
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Brunner R, Maffiuletti NA, Casartelli NC. et al. Prevalence and functional consequences of femoroacetabular impingement in young male ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (01) 46-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Knapik DM, Gaudiani MA, Camilleri BE, Nho SJ, Voos JE, Salata MJ. Reported prevalence of radiographic cam deformity based on sport: a systematic review of the current literature. Orthop J Sports Med 2019;7(03):2325967119830873
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Siebenrock KA, Kaschka I, Frauchiger L, Werlen S, Schwab JM. Prevalence of cam-type deformity and hip pain in elite ice hockey players before and after the end of growth. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (10) 2308-2313
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Sutter R, Zubler V, Hoffmann A. et al. Hip MRI: how useful is intraarticular contrast material for evaluating surgically proven lesions of the labrum and articular cartilage?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 202 (01) 160-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Kheterpal AB, Bunnell KM, Husseini JS. et al. Value of response to anesthetic injection during hip MR arthrography to differentiate between intra- and extra-articular pathology. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49 (04) 555-561
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Ayeni OR, Karlsson J, Heels-Ansdell D. et al; Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomized Controlled Trial (FIRST) Investigators. Osteochondroplasty and labral repair for the treatment of young adults with femoroacetabular impingement: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49 (01) 25-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Nawabi DH, Bedi A, Tibor LM, Magennis E, Kelly BT. The demographic characteristics of high-level and recreational athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a sports-specific analysis. Arthroscopy 2014; 30 (03) 398-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Philippon M, Schenker M, Briggs K, Kuppersmith D. Femoroacetabular impingement in 45 professional athletes: associated pathologies and return to sport following arthroscopic decompression. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15 (07) 908-914
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Philippon MJ, Weiss DR, Kuppersmith DA, Briggs KK, Hay CJ. Arthroscopic labral repair and treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in professional hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (01) 99-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sochacki KR, Jack RA, Hirase T, Vickery J, Harris JD. Performance and return to sport after hip arthroscopy for femorocetabular impingement syndrome in National Hockey League players. J Hip Preserv Surg 2019; 6 (03) 234-240
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Hall M, Anderson J. Hip pointers. Clin Sports Med 2013; 32 (02) 325-330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE, Roos KG, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The epidemiology of stress fractures in collegiate student-athletes, 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years. J Athl Train 2017; 52 (10) 966-975
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Eckard TG, Kerr ZY, Padua DA, Djoko A, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of quadriceps strains in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes, 2009–2010 through 2014–2015. J Athl Train 2017; 52 (05) 474-481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Dalton SL, Kerr ZY, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of hamstring strains in 25 NCAA sports in the 2009–2010 to 2013–2014 academic years. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (11) 2671-2679
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lorentzon R, Wedrèn H, Pietilä T. Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries. A three-year prospective study of a Swedish elite ice hockey team. Am J Sports Med 1988; 16 (04) 392-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Lee JC, Healy J. Sonography of lower limb muscle injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182 (02) 341-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Flores DV, Mejía Gómez C, Estrada-Castrillón M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR imaging of muscle trauma: anatomy, biomechanics, pathophysiology, and imaging appearance. Radiographics 2018; 38 (01) 124-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Irvine Jr JN, Lynch S, Hanypsiak BT, Popkin CA. Lower extremity injuries in ice hockey: current concepts. Am J Orthop 2018;47(11):
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Laprade RF, Surowiec RK, Sochanska AN. et al. Epidemiology, identification, treatment and return to play of musculoskeletal-based ice hockey injuries. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48 (01) 4-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Grant JA, Bedi A, Kurz J, Bancroft R, Miller BS. Incidence and injury characteristics of medial collateral ligament injuries in male collegiate ice hockey players. Sports Health 2013; 5 (03) 270-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Longstaffe R, Leiter J, MacDonald P. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Hockey League: epidemiology and performance impact. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30 (03) 224-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Mölsä J, Airaksinen O, Näsman O, Torstila I. Ice hockey injuries in Finland. A prospective epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (04) 495-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ. Division I intercollegiate ice hockey team coverage. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43 (13) 1000-1005
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Robins AJ, Newman AP, Burks RT. Postoperative return of motion in anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. The effect of medial collateral ligament rupture location. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (01) 20-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Hughston JC. The importance of the posterior oblique ligament in repairs of acute tears of the medial ligaments in knees with and without an associated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Results of long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994; 76 (09) 1328-1344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Elkin JL, Zamora E, Gallo RA. Combined anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament knee injuries: anatomy, diagnosis, management recommendations, and return to sport. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2019; 12 (02) 239-244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Chang X-D, Yang P, Mu X-Y, Ma W-L, Zhou M. Evaluation of knees in asymptomatic amateur ice hockey players using 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging: a case-control study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131 (09) 1038-1044
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Kluczynski MA, Kang JV, Marzo JM, Bisson LJ. Magnetic resonance imaging and intra-articular findings after anterior cruciate ligament injuries in ice hockey versus other sports. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4 (05) 2325967116646534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Capin JJ, Behrns W, Thatcher K, Arundale A, Smith AH, Snyder-Mackler L. On-ice return-to-hockey progression after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017; 47 (05) 324-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Moslener MD, Wadsworth LT. Ice hockey: a team physician's perspective. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010; 9 (03) 134-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Erickson BJ, Harris JD, Cole BJ. et al. Performance and return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in National Hockey League players. Orthop J Sports Med 2014;2(09):2325967114548831
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Mai HT, Chun DS, Schneider AD. et al. Performance-based outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional athletes differ between sports. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (10) 2226-2232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Sikka R, Kurtenbach C, Steubs JT, Boyd JL, Nelson BJ. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in professional hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (02) 378-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Mitchell J, Graham W, Best TM. et al. Epidemiology of meniscal injuries in U.S. high school athletes from 2007/08–2012/13. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24 (03) 715-722
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Flint JH, Wade AM, Giuliani J, Rue J-P. Defining the terms acute and chronic in orthopaedic sports injuries: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42 (01) 235-241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Konan S, Rayan F, Haddad FS. Do physical diagnostic tests accurately detect meniscal tears?. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17 (07) 806-811
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Xia XP, Chen HL, Zhou B. Ultrasonography for meniscal injuries in knee joint: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56 (10) 1179-1187
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Wadhwa V, Omar H, Coyner K, Khazzam M, Robertson W, Chhabra A. ISAKOS classification of meniscal tears—illustration on 2D and 3D isotropic spin echo MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85 (01) 15-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Majewski M, Susanne H, Klaus S. Epidemiology of athletic knee injuries: a 10-year study. Knee 2006; 13 (03) 184-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Lie MM, Risberg MA, Storheim K, Engebretsen L, Øiestad BE. What's the rate of knee osteoarthritis 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury? An updated systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53 (18) 1162-1167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Giuliani JR, Burns TC, Svoboda SJ, Cameron KL, Owens BD. Treatment of meniscal injuries in young athletes. J Knee Surg 2011; 24 (02) 93-100
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Kopf S, Beaufils P, Hirschmann MT. et al. Management of traumatic meniscus tears: the 2019 ESSKA meniscus consensus. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28 (04) 1177-1194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Ekhtiari S, Khan M, Kirsch JM, Thornley P, Larson CM, Bedi A. Most elite athletes return to competition following operative management of meniscal tears: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2018; 3 (02) 110-115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Mitchell J, Magnussen RA, Collins CL. et al. Epidemiology of patellofemoral instability injuries among high school athletes in the United States. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (07) 1676-1682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Trojan JD, Treloar JA, Smith CM, Kraeutler MJ, Mulcahey MK. Epidemiological patterns of patellofemoral injuries in collegiate athletes in the United States from 2009 to 2014. Orthop J Sports Med 2019;7(04):2325967119840712
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Carr JC, Hanly S, Griffin J, Gibney R. Sonography of the patellar tendon and adjacent structures in pediatric and adult patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (06) 1535-1539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 el-Khoury GY, Wira RL, Berbaum KS, Pope Jr TL, Monu JU. MR imaging of patellar tendinitis. Radiology 1992; 184 (03) 849-854
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Reinking MF. Current concepts in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2016; 11 (06) 854-866
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Sproule JR. Hockey injuries. Can Fam Physician 1988; 34: 125-129
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Wright RW, Barile RJ, Surprenant DA, Matava MJ. Ankle syndesmosis sprains in National Hockey League players. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (08) 1941-1945
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Mauntel TC, Wikstrom EA, Roos KG, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The epidemiology of high ankle sprains in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (09) 2156-2163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Roos KG, Kerr ZY, Mauntel TC, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Wikstrom EA. The epidemiology of lateral ligament complex ankle sprains in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (01) 201-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Crowley SG, Trofa DP, Vosseller JT. et al. Epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's ice hockey. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7 (08) 2325967119865908
    Google Scholar
  • 112 Mollon B, Wasserstein D, Murphy GM, White LM, Theodoropoulos J. High ankle sprains in professional ice hockey players: prognosis and correlation between magnetic resonance imaging patterns of injury and return to play. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7 (09) 2325967119871578
    Google Scholar
  • 113 Lin C-F, Gross ML, Weinhold P. Ankle syndesmosis injuries: anatomy, biomechanics, mechanism of injury, and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and intervention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006; 36 (06) 372-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Fritschy D. A rare injury of the ankle in competition skiers. [in French]. Schweiz Z Med Traumatol 1994; (01) 13-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Kopec TJ, Hibberd EE, Roos KG, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The Epidemiology of deltoid ligament sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association sports, 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years. J Athl Train 2017; 52 (04) 350-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Howard DR, Rubin DA, Hillen TJ. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of return to play following syndesmosis (high) ankle sprains in professional football players. Sports Health 2012; 4 (06) 535-543
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Porter DA, Jaggers RR, Barnes AF, Rund AM. Optimal management of ankle syndesmosis injuries. Open Access J Sports Med 2014; 5: 173-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Brown TD, Varney TE, Micheli LJ. Malleolar bursitis in figure skaters. Indications for operative and nonoperative treatment. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (01) 109-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Matic GT, Sommerfeldt MF, Best TM, Collins CL, Comstock RD, Flanigan DC. Ice hockey injuries among United States high school athletes from 2008/2009–2012/2013. Phys Sportsmed 2015; 43 (02) 119-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Okanobo H, Khurana B, Sheehan S, Duran-Mendicuti A, Arianjam A, Ledbetter S. Simplified diagnostic algorithm for Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle injuries. Radiographics 2012; 32 (02) E71-E84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Baker JC, Hoover EG, Hillen TJ, Smith MV, Wright RW, Rubin DA. Subradiographic foot and ankle fractures and bone contusions detected by MRI in elite ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (05) 1317-1323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar