CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR 2021; 5(01): 29-38
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726165
Review Article

Lymphangiography and Lymphatic Interventions

Ajit Yadav
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Yajush Jain
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Amey Narkhede
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Mahendra KM
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Arun Gupta
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Compared with the traditional pedal lymphangiography, intranodal lymphangiography and MR lymphangiography have made imaging of the lymphatic system less challenging. Improvements in imaging and availability of newer catheters have allowed embolization of lymphatic system much more feasible that previously envisioned. In this article, we briefly review the anatomy, imaging, and current and future of lymphatic interventions.



Publication History

Article published online:
16 March 2021

© 2021. Indian Society of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 
  • References

  • 1 Natale G, Bocci G, Ribatti D. Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system. J Anat 2017; 231 (03) 417-429
  • 2 Margaris KN, Black RA. Modelling the lymphatic system: challenges and opportunities. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9 (69) 601-612
  • 3 Skandalakis JE, Skandalakis LJ, Skandalakis PN. Anatomy of the lymphatics. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007; 16 (01) 1-16
  • 4 Pinto PS, Sirlin CB, Andrade-Barreto OA, Brown MA, Mindelzun RE, Mattrey RF. Cisterna chyli at routine abdominal MR imaging: a normal anatomic structure in the retrocrural space. Radiographics 2004; 24 (03) 809-817
  • 5 Rosenberger A, Abrams HL. Radiology of the thoracic duct. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1971; 111 (04) 807-820
  • 6 Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM. Cardiovascular system. Gray’s anatomy. 38th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone 1995: 1609-1611
  • 7 Okuda I, Udagawa H, Takahashi J, Yamase H, Kohno T, Nakajima Y. Magnetic resonance-thoracic ductography: imaging aid for thoracic surgery and thoracic duct depiction based on embryological considerations. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57 (12) 640-646
  • 8 Brotons ML, Bolca C, Fréchette E, Deslauriers J. Anatomy and physiology of the thoracic lymphatic system. Thorac Surg Clin 2012; 22 (02) 139-153
  • 9 Kausel HW, Reeve TS, Stein AA, Alley RD, Stranahan A. Anatomic and pathologic studies of the thoracic duct. J Thorac Surg 1957; 34 (05) 631-641
  • 10 Phang K, Bowman M, Phillips A, Windsor J. Review of thoracic duct anatomical variations and clinical implications. Clin Anat 2014; 27 (04) 637-644
  • 11 Pupulim LF, Vilgrain V, Ronot M, Becker CD, Breguet R, Terraz S. Hepatic lymphatics: anatomy and related diseases. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (06) 1997-2011
  • 12 Ohtani O, Ohtani Y. Lymph circulation in the liver. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291 (06) 643-652
  • 13 Miller MJ, McDole JR, Newberry RD. Microanatomy of the intestinal lymphatic system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207 (01) , Suppl 1) E21-E28
  • 14 Guermazi A, Brice P, Hennequin C, Sarfati E. Lymphography: an old technique retains its usefulness. Radiographics 2003; 23 (06) 1541-1558, discussion 1559–1560
  • 15 Chavhan GB, Amaral JG, Temple M, Itkin M. MR lymphangiography in children: technique and potential applications. Radiographics 2017; 37 (06) 1775-1790
  • 16 tdina M, Oliva G, Menozzi A, Soresina M, Martinenghi C, Gibelli D. Non-contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography: an emerging technique for the study of lymphedema. Clin Imaging 2019; 53: 126-133
  • 17 Krishnamurthy R, Hernandez A, Kavuk S, Annam A, Pimpalwar S. Imaging the central conducting lymphatics: initial experience with dynamic MR lymphangiography. Radiology 2015; 274 (03) 871-878
  • 18 Lass P, Tomczak H, Nyka W, Studniarek M. Diagnostic imaging of lymphoedema- The role of lymphoscintigraphy. Promlemy Medycyny Nuklearnej. 2004; 18 (36) 169-176
  • 19 Munn LL, Padera TP. Imaging the lymphatic system. Microvasc Res 2014; 96: 55-63
  • 20 Doerr CH, Allen MS, Nichols III FC, Ryu JH. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80 (07) 867-870
  • 21 Cerfolio RJ, Allen MS, Deschamps C, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Postoperative chylothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112 (05) 1361-1365, discussion 1365–1366
  • 22 Dougenis D, Walker WS, Cameron EW, Walbaum PR. Management of chylothorax complicating extensive esophageal resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 174 (06) 501-506
  • 23 Agrawal V, Doelken P, Sahn SA. Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion. Chest 2008; 133 (06) 1436-1441
  • 24 Nair SK, Petko M, Hayward MP. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 32 (02) 362-369
  • 25 Marts BC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC, Pennington DG. Conservative versus surgical management of chylothorax. Am J Surg 1992; 164 (05) 532-534, discussion 534–535
  • 26 Inoue M, Nakatsuka S, Yashiro H. et al. Lymphatic intervention for various types of lymphorrhea: access and treatment. Radiographics 2016; 36 (07) 2199-2211
  • 27 Hur S, Shin JH, Lee IJ. et al. Early experience in the management of postoperative lymphatic leakage using lipiodol lymphangiography and adjunctive glue embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27 (08) 1177-1186.e1
  • 28 Fish JC, Sarles HE, Remmers Jr A, Townsend Jr CM, Bell JD, Flye MW. Renal transplantation after thoracic duct drainage. Ann Surg 1981; 193 (06) 752-756
  • 29 Machleder HI, Paulus H. Clinical and immunological alterations observed in patients undergoing long-term thoracic duct drainage. Surgery 1978; 84 (01) 157-165
  • 30 Wegelius O, Laine V, Lindström B, Klockars M. Fistula of the thoracic duct as immunosuppressive treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Med Scand 1970; 187 (06) 539-544
  • 31 Bonomini V, Mioli V, Albertazzi A, Vangelista A. Immunosuppressive drugs and lymphatic depletion by thoracic duct fistula in adult progressive glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1970; 7 (05) 389-399
  • 32 Ravnskov U, Dahlba¨ck O. Messeter L. Treatment of glomerulonephritis with drainage of the thoracic duct and plasmapheresis. Acta Med Scand 1977; 202 (06) 489-494
  • 33 Nyman KE, Bangert R, Machleder H, Paulus HE. Thoracic duct drainage in SLE with cutaneous vasculitis. A case report. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20 (05) 1129-1134
  • 34 Bergström K, Franksson C, Matell G. et al. Drainage of thoracic duct lymph in twelve patients with myasthenia gravis. Eur Neurol 1975; 13 (01) 19-30
  • 35 Ring J, Seifert J, Lob G. et al. Intensive immunosuppression in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1974; 2 (7889) 1093-1096
  • 36 Sarles HE, Remmers AR Jr, Fish JC. et al. Depletion of lymphocytes for the protection of renal allografts. Arch Intern Med 1970; 125 (03) 443-450
  • 37 Fanous MYZ, Phillips AJ, Windsor JA. Mesenteric lymph: the bridge to future management of critical illness. JOP 2007; 8 (04) 374-399
  • 38 Brzek V, Bartos V. Therapeutic effect of the prolonged thoracic duct lymph fistula in patients with acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1969; 2 (01) 43-50
  • 39 Witte MH, Horowitz L, Dumont AE. Use of thoracic-duct cannulation in the diagnosis of tuberculous enteritis. N Engl J Med 1963; 268: 1125-1126
  • 40 Lim WA, June CH. The principles of engineering immune cells to treat cancer. td 2017; 168 (04) 724-740