Laryngorhinootologie 2016; 95(S 01): S217-S232
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-108940
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Evidenz und Evidenzlücken für medikamentös zu behandelnde, nicht-tumoröse Erkrankungen im Gebiet der HNO-Heilkunde

Strong and Deficient Evidence in Drug-Treated, Non-Tumorous Diseases in ENT
M. Bas
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
29 April 2016 (online)

Zusammenfassung

In unserem Fach der HNO-Heilkunde behandeln wir zahlreiche Krankheiten, die leider aufgrund mangelnder Studienlage nicht immer evidenzbasiert sind.

Während für die spezifische Immuntherapie der allergischen Rhinitis und bedingt auch für das durch Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Hemmer induzierte Angioödem ausreichend hochwertige Studien zur Verfügung stehen, ist für den Morbus Menière oder für die medikamentöse Behandlung des postoperativen Larynxödems die Evidenzlage sehr dünn. In diesem Beitrag werden die Studienlage und Evidenz der jeweiligen Krankheiten diskutiert.

Abstract

While many high quality studies are available for the specific immunotherapy of the allergic rhinitis and limited for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema available, the evidence is very low for Ménière‘s disease or for the medicinal treatment of post-surgery laryngeal edema. This paper discusses the study data and evidence of the respective diseases.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Gaussorgues P, Boyer F, Piperno D, Gérard M, Léger P, Robert D. Laryngeal edema after extubation. Do corticosteroids play a role in its prevention?. [Article in French]. Presse Med 1987; 16: 1531-1532
  • 2 Markovitz BP, Randolph AG. Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD001000
  • 3 Lee CH, Peng MJ, Wu CL. Dexamethasone to prevent postextubation airway obstruction in adults: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care 2007; 11: R72
  • 4 RG Cesar, de Carvalho WB. L-epinephrine and dexamethasone in postextubation airway obstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73: 1639-1643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.08.004. Epub 2009 Sep 16
  • 5 Khemani RG, Randolph A, Markovitz B. Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; CD001000
  • 6 Neuhauser HK. Epidemiology of vertigo. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: 406
  • 7 Minor LB, Schessel DA, Carey JP. Meniere’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 916
  • 8 Yeh TH, Herman P, Tsai MC, Tran-Ba-Huy P, Van-den-Abbeele T. A cationic nonselective stretch-activated channel in the Reissner’s membrane of the guinea pig cochlea. Am J Physiol 1998; 274 (3 Pt 1) C56676
  • 9 Minor LB, Schessel DA, Carey JP. Meniere’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 9-16
  • 10 Takumida M, Kakigi A, Takeda T, Anniko M. Meniere’s disease: a long-term follow-up study of bilateral hearing levels. Acta Otolaryngol 2006; 126: 921-925
  • 11 James A, Thorp M.. Meniere’s disease. Clin Evid 2005; 14: 659-665
  • 12 James AL., Burton MJ. Betahistine for Menière’s disease or syndrome. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Nummer 1 2001 ISSN 1469-493X, S. CD001873, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001873, PMID 11279734
  • 13 Dziadziola JK, Laurikainen EL, Rachel JD, Quirk WS. Betahistine increases vestibular blood flow. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 120: 400-405
  • 14 Lamm K, Arnold W. The effect of blood flow promoting drugs on cochlear blood flow, perilymphatic pO(2) and auditory function in the normal and noise-damaged hypoxic and ischemic guinea pig inner ear. Hear Res 2000; 141: 199-209
  • 15 Laurikainen E, Miller JF, Pyykko I. Betahistine effects on cochlear blood flow: from the laboratory to the clinic. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2000; 544: 5-7
  • 16 Strupp 1 M, Hupert D, Frenzel C, Wagner J, Hahn A, Jahn K, Zingler VC, Mansmann U, Brandt T. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Menière’s disease – comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 520-524
  • 17 van Deelen GW, Huizing EH. Use of a diuretic (Dyazide) in the treatment of Menière’s disease. A double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study). ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1986; 48: 287-292
  • 18 Yetiser S, Kertmen M, Yildirim A. Vestibular diuresis in suspected Meniere patients. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 2004; 58: 119-123
  • 19 Thirlwall AS, Kundu S. Diuretics for Meniere’s disease or syndrome. In: Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 3, S. CD003599, PMID 16856015
  • 20 Casani 1 AP, Piaggi P, Cerchiai N, Seccia V, Franceschini SS, Dallan I. Intratympanic treatment of intractable unilateral Meniere disease: gentamicin or dexamethasone? A randomiszed controlled trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 146: 430-437
  • 21 Bas M, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Evaluation and management of angioedema of the head and neck. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 14: 170-175
  • 22 Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, Niehues T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Non-Allergic Angioedema. Role of bradykinin. Allergy 2007; 62: 842-856
  • 23 Kaplan AP, Greaves M. Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 777-787
  • 24 Maurer M, Grabbe J. Urticaria: its history-based diagnosis and etiologically oriented treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008; 105: 458-466
  • 25 McDowell SE, Coleman JJ, Ferner RE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of ethnic differences in risks of adverse reactions to drugs used in cardiovascular medicine. BMJ 2006; 332: 1177-1181
  • 26 Sharma JN. Does kinin mediate the hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?. Gen Pharmacol 1990; 21: 451-457
  • 27 Yang HY, Erdos EG, Levin Y. Characterization of a dipeptide hydrolase (kininase II: angiotensin I converting enzyme). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1971; 177: 291-300
  • 28 Yang HY, Erdos EG, Levin Y. A dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that converts angiotensin I and inactivates bradykinin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 214: 374-376
  • 29 Nussberger J, Cugno M, Amstutz C, Cicardi M, Pellacani A, Agostoni A. Plasma bradykinin in angio-oedema. Lancet 1998; 351: 1693-1697
  • 30 Adam A, Cugno M, Molinaro G, Perez M, Lepage Y, Agostoni A. Aminopeptidase P in individuals with a history of angio-oedema on ACE inhibitors. Lancet 2002; 359: 2088-2089
  • 31 Lefebvre J, Murphey LJ, Hartert TV, Jiao SR, Simmons WH, Brown NJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in patients with ACE-inhibitor-associated angioedema. Hypertension 2002; 39: 460-464
  • 32 Vavrek RJ, Stewart JM. Competitive antagonists of bradykinin. Peptides 1985; 6: 161-164
  • 33 Roberts RA. Bradykinin receptors: characterization, distribution and mechanisms of signal transduction. Prog Growth Factor Res 1989; 1: 237-252
  • 34 Regoli D, Rhaleb NE, Drapeau G, Dion S. Kinin receptor subtypes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 15 (Suppl. 06) S30-S38
  • 35 Regoli D, Barabe J. Pharmacology of bradykinin and related kinins. Pharmacol Rev 1980; 32: 1-46
  • 36 Hess JF, Borkowski JA, Young GS, Strader CD, Ransom RW. Cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human bradykinin (BK-2) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184: 260-268
  • 37 McEachern AE, Shelton ER, Bhakta S et al. Expression cloning of a rat B2 bradykinin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7724-7728
  • 38 Menke JG, Borkowski JA, Bierilo KK et al. Expression cloning of a human B1 bradykinin receptor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 21583-21586
  • 39 Ma JX, Wang DZ, Ward DC et al. Structure and chromosomal localization of the gene (BDKRB2) encoding human bradykinin B2 receptor. Genomics 1994; 23: 362-369
  • 40 Chai KX, Ni A, Wang D, Ward DC, Chao J, Chao L. Genomic DNA sequence, expression, and chromosomal localization of the human B1 bradykinin receptor gene BDKRB1. Genomics 1996; 31: 51-57
  • 41 Regoli DC, Marceau F, Lavigne J. Induction of beta 1- receptors for kinins in the rabbit by a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 71: 105-115
  • 42 Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD, Worthy K. Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 1992; 44: 1-80
  • 43 Madeddu P, Emanueli C, Gaspa L et al. Role of the bradykinin B2 receptor in the maturation of blood pressure phenotype: lesson from transgenic and knockout mice. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44: 9-13
  • 44 Han ED, MacFarlane RC, Mulligan AN, Scafidi J, Davis AE. III. Increased vascular permeability in C1 inhibitor- deficient mice mediated by the bradykinin type 2 receptor. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1057-1063
  • 45 Groves P, Kurz S, Just H, Drexler H. Role of endogenous bradykinin in human coronary vasomotor control. Circulation 1995; 92: 3424-3430
  • 46 Hall JM. Bradykinin receptors: pharmacological properties and biological roles. Pharmacol Ther 1992; 56: 131-190
  • 47 Ellis EF, Heizer ML, Hambrecht GS, Holt SA, Stewart JM, Vavrek RJ. Inhibition of bradykinin- and kallikreininduced cerebral arteriolar dilation by a specific bradykinin antagonist. Stroke 1987; 18: 792-795
  • 48 Marceau F, Regoli D. Bradykinin receptor ligands: therapeutic perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3: 845-852
  • 49 Duchene J, Schanstra JP, Pecher C et al. A novel protein- protein interaction between a G protein-coupled receptor and the phosphatase SHP-2 is involved in bradykinin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 40375-40383
  • 50 Busse R, Fleming I. Regulation of endothelium-derived vasoactive autacoid production by hemodynamic forces. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24: 24-29
  • 51 Smith D, Gilbert M, Owen WG. Tissue plasminogen activator release in vivo in response to vasoactive agents. Blood 1985; 66: 835-839
  • 52 Giannella E, Mochmann HC, Levi R. Ischemic preconditioning prevents the impairment of hypoxic coronary vasodilatation caused by ischemia/reperfusion: role of adenosine A1/A3 and bradykinin B2 receptor activation. Circ Res 1997; 81: 415-422
  • 53 Zhu P, Zaugg CE, Simper D, Hornstein P, Allegrini PR, Buser PT. Bradykinin improves postischaemic recovery in the rat heart: role of high energy phosphates, nitric oxide, and prostacyclin. Cardiovasc Res 1995; 29: 658-663
  • 54 Leesar MA, Stoddard MF, Manchikalapudi S, Bolli R. Bradykinin-induced preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 639-650
  • 55 Ritchie RH, Marsh JD, Lancaster WD, Diglio CA, Schiebinger RJ. Bradykinin blocks angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in the presence of endothelial cells. Hypertension 1998; 31: 39-44
  • 56 Maestri R, Milia AF, Salis MB et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and microvascular deficit in kinin B2 receptor knockout mice. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1151-1155
  • 57 Fuller RW, Dixon CM, Cuss FM, Barnes PJ. Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in humans. Mode of action. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 176-180
  • 58 Tsukagoshi H, Sun J, Kwon O, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Role of neutral endopeptidase in bronchial hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin induced by IL-1 beta. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 921-927
  • 59 Mukae S, Aoki S, Itoh S, Iwata T, Ueda H, Katagiri T. Bradykinin B(2) receptor gene polymorphism is associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related cough. Hypertension 2000; 36: 127-131
  • 60 Hulsmann AR, Raatgeep HR, Saxena PR, Kerrebijn KF, de Jongste JC. Bradykinin-induced contraction of human peripheral airways mediated by both bradykinin beta 2 and thromboxane prostanoid receptors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1012-1018
  • 61 Yang C, Hsu WH. Glucose-dependency of bradykinin-induced insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. Regul Pept 1997; 71: 23-28
  • 62 Damas J, Bourdon V, Lefebvre PJ. Insulin sensitivity, clearance and release in kininogen-deficient rats. Exp Physiol 1999; 84: 549-557
  • 63 Duka I, Shenouda S, Johns C, Kintsurashvili E, Gavras I, Gavras H. Role of the B(2) receptor of bradykinin in insulin sensitivity. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1355-1360
  • 64 Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Dietze GJ. Metabolic effects of kinins: historical and recent developments. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 15 (Suppl. 06) S57-S59 S57-S59
  • 65 Kishi K, Muromoto N, Nakaya Y et al. Bradykinin directly triggers GLUT4 translocation via an insulin-independent pathway. Diabetes 1998; 47: 550-558
  • 66 Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153
  • 67 Goring HD, Bork K, Spath PJ et al. Hereditary angioedema in the German-speaking region. Hautarzt 1998; 49: 114-122
  • 68 Agostoni A, ygoren-Pursun E, Binkley KE et al. Hereditary and acquired angioedema: problems and progress: proceedings of the third C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency workshop and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: S51-S131
  • 69 Kaplan AP, Greaves MW. Angioedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 373-388
  • 70 Blanch A, Roche O, Urrutia I, Gamboa P, Fontan G, Lopez-Trascasa M. First case of homozygous C1 inhibitor deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 1330-1335
  • 71 Bork K, Fischer B, Dewald G. Recurrent episodes of skin angioedema and severe attacks of abdominal pain induced by oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Am J Med 2003; 114: 294-298
  • 72 Bouillet L, Ponard D, Drouet C, Jullien D, Massot C. Angioedema and oral contraception. Dermatology 2003; 206: 106-109
  • 73 Pichler WJ, Lehner R, Spath PJ. Recurrent angioedemaassociated with hypogonadism or anti-androgen therapy. Ann Allergy 1989; 63: 301-305
  • 74 Agostoni A, Cicardi M, Cugno M, Zingale LC, Gioffre D, Nussberger J. Angioedema due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44: 21-25
  • 75 Berkun Y, Shalit M. Hereditary angioedema first apparent in the ninth decade during treatment with ACE inhibitor. AnnAllergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 87: 138-139
  • 76 Messerli FH, Nussberger J. Vasopeptidase inhibition and angio-oedema. Lancet 2000; 356: 608-609
  • 77 Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Drug-induced angioedema without urticaria. Drug Saf 2001; 24: 599-606
  • 78 Gainer JV, Nadeau JH, Ryder D, Brown NJ. Increased sensitivity to bradykinin among African Americans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 283-287
  • 79 Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893-1906
  • 80 Kostis JB, Packer M, Black HR, Schmieder R, Henry D, Levy E. Omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with hypertension: the Omapatrilat Cardiovascular Treatment vs. Enalapril (OCTAVE) trial. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 103-111
  • 81 Campbell DJ, Krum H, Esler MD. Losartan increases bradykinin levels in hypertensive humans. Circulation 2005; 111: 315-320
  • 82 Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Catt KJ. Angiotensin receptors and their antagonists. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1649-1654
  • 83 Hiyoshi H, Yayama K, Takano M, Okamoto H. Stimulation of cyclic GMP production via AT2 and B2 receptors in the pressure-overloaded aorta after banding. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1258-1263
  • 84 Gohlke P, Pees C, Unger T. AT2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 1998; 31: 349-355
  • 85 Hellebrand MC, Kojda G, Hoffmann TK, Bas M. Angioedema due to ACE inhibitors and AT(1) receptor antagonists. Hautarzt. 2005
  • 86 Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, Fang H, Zhang J, Satlin A. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 221-229
  • 87 Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, Zhang J, Satlin A. Dual inhibition of the renin system by aliskiren and valsartan. Lancet 2007; 370: 1126-1127
  • 88 Yarows SA, Oparil S, Patel S, Fang H, Zhang J. Aliskiren and valsartan in stage 2 hypertension: subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind study. Adv Ther 2008; 25: 1288-1302
  • 89 Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ et al. Effect of the direct Renin inhibitor aliskiren, the Angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2009; 119: 530-537
  • 90 Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Hereditary and acquired C1- inhibitor deficiency: biological and clinical characteristics in 235 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992; 71: 206-215
  • 91 Cicardi M, Zingale LC, Pappalardo E, Folcioni A, Agostoni A. Autoantibodies and lymphoproliferative diseases in acquired C1-inhibitor deficiencies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 274-281
  • 92 Markovic SN, Inwards DJ, Frigas EA, Phyliky RP. Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 144-150
  • 93 Gaur S, Cooley J, Aish L, Weinstein R. Lymphomaassociated paraneoplastic angioedema with normal C1- inhibitor activity: does danazol work?. Am J Hematol 2004; 77: 296-298
  • 94 Bas M, Greve J, Stelter K, Bier H, Stark T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Therapeutic efficacy of icatibant in angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a case series. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 56: 278-282
  • 95 Baş M, Greve J, Stelter K, Havel M, Strassen U, Rotter N, Veit J, Schossow B, Hapfelmeier A, Kehl V, Kojda G, Hoffmann TK. A randomized trial of icatibant in ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 418-425
  • 96 Greve J, Bas M, Hoffmann TK, Schuler PJ, Weller P, Kojda G, Strassen U. Effect of C1-Esterase-inhibitor in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Laryngoscope 2015; 125: E198-E202
  • 97 Rasmussen ER, Bygum A. ACE-inhibitor induced angio-oedema treated with complement C1-inhibitor concentrate. BMJ Case Rep 2013; Oct 4; 2013
  • 98 Lipski SM, Casimir G, Vanlommel M, Jeanmaire M, Dolhen P. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors-induced angioedema treated by C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate (Berinert®): about one case and review of the therapeutic arsenal. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3: 126-130
  • 99 Bagnasco M, Altrinetti V, Pesce G et al. Pharmacokinetics of Der p 2 allergen and derived monomeric allergoid in allergic volunteers. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 138: 197-202
  • 100 Allam JP, Würtzen PA, Reinartz M et al. Phl p 5 resorption in human oral mucosa leads to dose-dependent and time-dependent allergen binding by oral mucosal Langerhans cells, attenuates their maturation, and enhances their migratory and TGF-beta1 and IL-10-producing properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 638.e1-645.e1
  • 101 Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 780-791
  • 102 Nouri-Aria KT, Wachholz PA, Francis JN et al. Grass pollen immunotherapy induces mucosal and peripheral IL-10 responses and blocking IgG activity. J Immunol 2004; 172: 3252-3259
  • 103 Takhar P, Smurthwaite L, Coker HA et al. Allergen drives class switching to IgE in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. J Immunol 2005; 174: 5024-5032
  • 104 Reisinger J, Horak F, Pauli G et al. Allergen-specific nasal IgG antibodies induced by vaccination with genetically modified allergens are associated with reduced nasal allergen sensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 347-354
  • 105 Akdis M, Verhagen J, Taylor A et al. Immune responses in healthy and allergic individuals are characterized by a fine balance between allergen-specific T regulatory 1 and T helper 2 cells. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 1567-1575
  • 106 Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling HJ. WHO Panel Members. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases: a WHO position paper. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 558-562
  • 107 James LK, Durham SR. Update on mechanisms of allergen injection immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38: 1074-1088
  • 108 Akdis CA, Akdis M.. Mechanisms and treatment of allergic disease in the big picture of regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 735-746
  • 109 Scadding G, Durham SR. Mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy. J Asthma 2009; 46: 322-334
  • 110 Pfaar O, Bachert C, Bufe A, Buhl R, Ebner C, Eng P, Friedrichs F, Fuchs T, Hamelmann E, Hartwig-Bade D, Hering T, Huttegger I, Jung K, Klimek L, Kopp MV, Merk H, Rabe U, Saloga J, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Schuster A, Schwerk N, Sitter H, Umpfenbach U, Wedi B, Wöhrl S, Worm M, Kleine-Tebbe J, Kaul S, Schwalfenberg A. Guideline on allergen-specific immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases: S2k. Allergo J Int 2014; 23: 282-319
  • 111 Bocking C, Renz H, Pfefferle PI. Prävalenz und sozioökonomische Bedeutung von Allergien in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 2012; 55: 303-307
  • 112 Schädlich PK, Brecht JG. Economic evaluation of specific immunotherapy versus symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis in Germany. Pharmacoeconomics 2000; 17: 37-52
  • 113 Westerhout KY, Verheggen BG, Schreder CH, Augustin M. Cost effectiveness analysis of immunotherapy in patients with grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Germany. J Med Econ 2012; 15: 906-17
  • 114 Bachert C. Comparison of solutions for sublingual immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 142: 89-90
  • 115 Dretzke J, Meadows A, Novielli N, Huissoon A, Fry-Smith A, Meads C. Subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and indirect comparison. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131: 1361-1366
  • 116 Calderon MA, Casale TB, Nelson HS, Demoly P. An evidence-based analysis of house dust mite allergen immunotherapy: a call for more rigorous clinical studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132: 1322-1336