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DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718430
Pterygopalatine Fossa: Microsurgical Anatomy and its Relevance for Skull Base Surgery
Fossa Pterigopalatina: Anatomia microcirúrgica e sua relevância para a cirurgia da base do crânio
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to define the anatomical relationships of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and its operative implications in skull base surgical approaches.
Methods Ten cadaveric heads were dissected at the Dianne and M Gazi Yasargil Educational Center MicrosurgicaLaboratory, in Little Rock, AK, USA. The PPF was exposed through an extended dissection with mandible and pterygoid plate removal.
Results The PPF has the shape of an inverted cone. Its boundaries are the pterygomaxillary fissure; the maxilla, anteriorly; the medial plate of the pterygoid process, and greater wing of the sphenoid process, posteriorly; the palatine bone, medially; and the body of the sphenoid process, superiorly. Its contents are the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and its branches; the pterygopalatine ganglion; the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery (MA) and its branches; and the venous network. Differential diagnosis of PPF masses includes perineural tumoral extension along the maxillary nerve, schwannomas, neurofibromas, angiofibromas, hemangiomas, and ectopic salivary gland tissue. Transmaxillary and transpalatal approaches require extensive resection of bony structures and are narrow in the deeper part of the approach, impairing the surgical vision and maneuverability. Endoscopic surgery solves this problem, bringing the light source to the center of the surgical field, allowing proper visualization of the surgical field, extreme close-ups, and different view angles.
Conclusion We provide detailed information on the fossa's boundaries, intercommunications with adjacent structures, anatomy of the maxillary artery, and its variations. It is discussed in the context of clinical affections and surgical approaches of this specific region, including pterygomaxillary disjunction and skull base tumors.
Resumo
Introdução O presente estudo objetiva definir as relações anatômicas da fossa pterigopalatina (FPP) e suas implicações na cirurgia de base de crânio.
Métodos Dez cadáveres foram dissecados no centro educacional Dianne and M Gazi Yasargil, em Little Rock, AK, EUA. A FPP foi exposta via uma dissecção estendida com remoção da mandíbula e placa pterigoidea.
Resultados A FPP tem o formato de um cone invertido. Seus limites são a fissure pterigomaxilar; a maxila, anteriormente; a placa medial do processo pterigoide e a asa maior do processo esfenoide, posteriormente; o osso palatino, medialmente; e o corpo do processo esfenoide, superiormente. Os conteúdos são a divisão maxilar do nervo trigêmeo e seus ramos; o gânglio pterigopalatino; a porção pterigopalatina da artéria e seus ramos; e o plexo venoso. O diagnóstico diferencial de massas da FPP inclui extensão perineural de tumores sobre o nervo maxilar, schwannomas, neurofibromas, angiofibromas, hemangiomas e tecido salivar ectópico. Abordagens transmaxilares e transpalatais requerem ressecção extensa de estruturas ósseas e são estreitas em sua porção mais profunda, dificultando a visão cirúrgica. Cirurgia endoscópica é uma solução para tal, iluminando e possibilitando visualização adequada do centro do campo cirúrgico, aproximação extrema e diferentes ângulos.
Conclusão Descreve-se detalhadamente os limites, intercomunicações e estruturas adjacentes à FPP, anatomia da artéria maxilar e suas variações, com contextualização clínica e cirúrgica.
Publikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 27. Juli 2020
Angenommen: 05. August 2020
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
16. Oktober 2020
© 2020. Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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