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DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401034
Self-Assessment Questions
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
06. Januar 2020 (online)
This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.
Article One (pp. 1-9)
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Speech-language pathologists who work with people who have aphasia view the number of discourse outcome measures that exist
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As an opportunity to use many of them in their practice.
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As a sign that discourse analysis is something that they are required to do if they work with people who have aphasia.
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As a barrier to using discourse analysis in their practice.
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As a sign that it will be easy to find a measure to use with a particular client.
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As an indicator that the psychometric properties of discourse outcome measures must be well reported.
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Which of the following is a factor to consider when choosing a discourse outcome measure for a particular client?
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What time of day you will be seeing the client for treatment.
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What aspect of discourse the treatment is expected to change.
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Whether the client's aphasia has been assessed with a particular aphasia assessment battery.
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How long ago the outcome measure was first reported in the literature.
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Whether a t-test with a statistically significant difference has been reported in at least one study that used the outcome.
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Which of the following is not something that needs to be considered in choosing a discourse outcome measure?
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The availability of the materials necessary to administer the measure.
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Whether there are studies that used the measure with people who have aphasia.
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Whether the participants in studies that used the measure are similar to a client you plan to use the measure with.
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Whether acceptable intra-rater reliability coefficient values have been reported for the measure.
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The reputation of the authors who developed the measure.
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Why should clinicians be as concerned as researchers about the psychometric properties of a discourse outcome measure?
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The psychometric properties of an outcome measure reveal how likely the measure is to capture true, treatment-related change rather than random variability.
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Third-party payers will only reimburse for treatment that uses outcome measures with sound psychometric properties.
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The ASHA code of ethics mandates that only outcome measures with sound psychometric principles be used.
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Outcome measures with sound psychometric principles are easier to administer than those without.
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The psychometric principles guarantee that an outcome measure will detect even very small changes.
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Which of the following statements about the value of the test-retest reliability coefficient is true?
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A low test-retest reliability coefficient value should not be a barrier to using the measure to detect treatment-related change
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test-retest reliability coefficient value between 0.50 and 0.75 is considered very good.
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The value of the test-retest reliability coefficient is not important in assessing whether a measure is stable.
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The test-retest reliability coefficient is an indicator of how well the outcome measure assesses discourse.
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A test-retest reliability coefficient value of 0.90 suggests that the error associated with the outcome measure is small.
Article Two (pp. 10-19)
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AphasiaBank is a resource that:
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Offers computer-based treatment programs and online support groups for PWAs and their families.
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Requires a registration fee and proof of ASHA membership for access.
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Includes a wide variety of resources and tools for licensed SLPs, educators, and researchers interested in communication in aphasia.
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Is completely password protected to protect confidentiality.
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Provides computer-based support groups for PWAs and their families throughout North America.
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Main concept analysis (MCA) is a type of discourse analysis that:
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Cannot be compared to any nonaphasic individual's norms because those data have not yet been collected.
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Relies on scoring that must be done from a complete transcription of the language sample.
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Can be used reliably to assess a PWA's ability to communicate the gist for specific discourse tasks.
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Provides the same information as one would get from a formal aphasia battery such as the Western Aphasia Battery.
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Can be used only for research purposes.
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Correct information units (CIUs) can be computed to measure:
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Syntactic complexity and semantic accuracy in connected speech.
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Lexical diversity and fluency of connected speech.
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Informativeness and efficiency of connected speech.
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Functional communication and self-monitoring abilities in connected speech.
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Receptive and expressive skills in connected speech.
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The AphasiaBank Grand Rounds site does not include:
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Questions to stimulate discussions about assessment and treatment.
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Videosamples of individuals with different types of aphasia.
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Test questions to evaluate the user's knowledge about aphasia.
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Case history information about the PWAs featured.
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Comparisons of language behaviors across aphasia types and discourse tasks.
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Computer-based transcription and discourse analysis tools described here:
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Require the purchase of special software packages.
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Have limited use for individuals with aphasia and other neurogenic disorders of communication.
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Can be used to efficiently and reliably assess PWA and monitor treatment effects.
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Require special training in graduate courses, workshops, or conferences.
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Cannot be used to compare an individual PWA's performance to that of a large reference database of other PWAs and individuals without aphasia.
Article Three (pp. 20-31)
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Which of the following does not describe discourse analysis?
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Utterance structure has a great impact on results of macrolinguistic analysis.
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Transcription process for discourse analysis may have negative impacts on reliability.
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Training for analyzing discourse is required.
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Standardized test batteries typically do not include discourselevel assessment.
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Some outcome measures are sensitive to manners of organizing transcripts.
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Which of the following represents core lexicon?
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Only those things which include verbs and nouns.
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Only those things which include function words.
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Only those things which include content words.
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Anything which can be associates with lexical access.
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Anything which can be related to syntactic analysis.
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The scores given by multiple clinicians through the core lexicon measure are consistent. What kind of validity or reliability does this imply?
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Construct validity.
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Face validity.
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Internal consistency.
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Inter-rater reliability.
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Test-retest reliability.
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding core lexicon measures?
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Core verbs predict overall language performance of persons with aphasia.
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Core lexicon measures can be used to examine qualitative changes in persons with aphasia following the treatment sessions.
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Core lexicon measures can assist in investigating selective impairments of word classes in discourse.
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Core lexicon production reflects linguistic processes across different levels of discourse production.
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Core lexicon production reflects lexical diversity in persons with aphasia.
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This article supports the idea that core lexicon measures demonstrate
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Acceptable test-retest reliability.
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Acceptable concurrent validity.
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Acceptable internal consistency.
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Acceptable content validity.
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Acceptable face validity.
Article Four (pp. 32-44)
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A new focus of treatment outcomes measurement for clinicians and people with aphasia is _____.
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Naming.
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Syntax.
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Discourse.
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Phonology.
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Auditory comprehension.
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Which of the following is not a barrier to clinical utilization of discourse measurement?
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Time.
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Normative data based on small sample sizes.
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Subjectivity of scoring.
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People with aphasia do not find it meaningful.
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Existing normative data dispersed throughout the literature.
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Main concept analysis measures what aspect of discourse?
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Informativeness.
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Length.
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Cohesion.
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Coherence.
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Typicality of word usage.
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Core lexicon measures what aspect of discourse?
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Informativeness.
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Length.
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Cohesion.
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Coherence.
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Typicality of word usage.
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What measure(s) capture(s) communication effort of both speaker and listener and was/were sensitive to differences between PWAs and healthy controls, between controls and some subtypes of stroke-induced aphasia, and between persons with PPA and controls?
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Main concept efficiency.
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Lexical diversity.
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CoreLex efficiency.
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A and C.
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All of the above.
Article Five (pp. 45-60)
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According to MacWhinney and colleagues' study using the Cinderella task, compared to healthy controls, persons with aphasia produced:
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More abstract nouns and more light verbs.
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More abstract nouns and fewer light verbs.
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Fewer abstract nouns and more light verbs.
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Fewer abstract nouns and fewer light verbs.
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Only fewer light verbs.
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According to Dalton and Richardson's study, which of the following is not a pattern of core lexicon production in aphasia?
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For the Broken Window task, Wernicke's aphasia produced more core lexicon items than Broca's aphasia.
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For the Broken Window task, Broca's aphasia produced fewer core lexicon items than conduction aphasia.
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For the Cinderella task, Broca's aphasia produced fewer core lexicon items than anomic aphasia.
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For the Cinderella task, Broca's aphasia produced fewer core lexicon items than Wernicke's aphasia.
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For the Cinderella task, those who are not aphasic by WAB-R score (NABW) produced more core lexicon items than anomic aphasia.
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Which of the following statements does not describe the core lexicon discourse measure?
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Core lexicon checklists were designed to provide a clinicianfriendly manner of quantifying discourse production.
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When scoring, synonyms of target core lexicon items are counted.
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Core lexicon checklists were developed based on how cognitively healthy speakers perform in discourse tasks.
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Different checklists were developed and investigated by discourse tasks.
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None of the above.
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Which of the following statements is consistent with Kim and colleagues' study?
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Age was considered to create core lexicon checklists.
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Word class was considered to create core lexicon checklists.
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As more core verb items were produced, higher AQ scores were found in persons with aphasia.
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Function word core lexicon checklists were found to be the most reliable among raters of all checklists.
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All of the above.
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Current research supports the idea that the core lexicon discourse measure would expect to capture:
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Differences between aphasia and healthy controls.
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Differences among subtypes of aphasia.
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Differences between fluent aphasia and nonfluent aphasia.
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A and B.
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All of the above.
Article Six (pp. 61-70)
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Which PWA might benefit the most from conversational therapy?
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Any patients.
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Patients with severe aphasia.
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Anomic patients.
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Patients with moderate aphasia.
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Agrammatic patients
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Which modality can be used to communicate ideas in conversational treatment?
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Verbal language.
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Gestures.
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Any modality.
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Drawing.
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Writing.
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Which maxim of conversation is the most impaired in severe PWAs?
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Quantity.
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Quality.
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Relation.
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Manner.
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Quantity and relation.
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Do the clinician and the patient participate equally as senders and receivers of the messages?
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Sometimes.
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Any time.
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Only the clinician participates as sender and receiver.
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Only the patient participates as sender and receiver.
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The clinician participates as sender and the patient as receiver.
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Which tDCS protocol is best suited for PWAs?
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Single session.
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Multiple sessions.
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Multiple sessions combined with language treatment.
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Single session combined with language treatment.
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None of the above.
Article Seven (pp. 71-82)
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Approximately how many people living in the United States have chronic severe aphasia?
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2.6 million.
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1.6 million.
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390,000 to 520,000.
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100,000.
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None of the above.
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Which of the following statements are true about the Aphasia Communication Outcome Measure?
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It provides information about how the participant perceives their communication ability.
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It is not standardized.
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It measures naming ability.
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(A) and (B).
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(A) and (C).
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Which of the following is most likely to occur in conversation treatment with persons with severe aphasia?
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The clinician presents pictures for the client to name.
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The clinician asks the client to describe a picture.
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The client has a conversation and is encouraged to use multimodal communication.
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The client has a conversation and is allowed to use only spoken language.
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The clinician asks the client to repeat words.
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Which of the following statements about individuals with severe aphasia are true?
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They do not benefit from any speech-language therapy.
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They benefit only from intensive naming treatment.
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They may benefit from conversation treatment.
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Many treatment approaches for this population focus on compensatory strategies.
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(C) and (D).
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Which of the following are possible goals for IWSA in conversation treatment?
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Produce personally relevant main ideas using multimodal communication.
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Increase the frequency of communication attempts.
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Answer simple wh-questions given one repetition and visual cue.
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(A) and (C).
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All of the above.
Article Eight (pp. 83-98)
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The adaptations made to the NARNIA protocol for people with cognitive-communication impairment focused on:
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Direct instruction.
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Errorless learning.
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Self-regulation.
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Errorful learning.
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Memory scaffolding.
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Which discourse measure did not show consistent improvement following therapy?
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Macrostructure.
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TotWords.
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TotCIUs.
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%CIUs.
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CIUs/min.
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Which genre is not assessed in the CUDP?
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Procedural.
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Recount.
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Narrative.
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Exposition.
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Picture description.
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Cognitive communication difficulties are sequela of:
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TBI.
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Stroke.
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Neurosurgery.
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Dementia.
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All of the above.
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Issues that arose when working with this population did not include:
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Memory difficulties.
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Motivation.
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Aggressive behavior.
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Mood.
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Scheduling of appointments.
Article Nine (pp. 99-124)
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Which of the following could be considered a barrier to implementing script training into therapy?
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Script training for aphasia has not been studied in various etiologies, types, or severities.
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Creating scripts is too difficult and time-consuming for busy clinicians.
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There is a lack of evidence to support the effects of script training for reimbursement purposes.
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All of the above.
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None of the above.
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What are some salient findings of speech shadowing?
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Speech is processed linguistically first and then phonetically.
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Speech is processed linguistically and phonetically at the same time.
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Speech cannot be processed by the PWSA linguistically at all levels.
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Speech cannot be processed linguistically and phonetically at the same time.
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Speech will likely not be processed automatically.
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Some of the principles of plasticity for neurorehabilitation described by Kleim and Jones (2008) that were discussed in the context of script training include:
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Use it or lose it.
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Specificity.
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Intensity matters.
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A and C.
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All of the above.
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How can clinicians increase the difficulty of scripts used in script training?
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Increase linguistic complexity.
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Increase the script length (e.g., number of sentences).
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Increase speaking rate.
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All of the above.
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None of the above.
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What aspects of treatment have not been studied using AphasiaScripts?
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Dosage and treatment schedules.
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Importance of personally relevant content.
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Enhancement of effects with brain stimulation.
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Cueing conditions.
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Script difficulty/complexity.
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