Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2019; 13(03): 376-382
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1698368
Original Article
Dental Investigation Society

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinoma at the Tongue: Clinicopathological Analysis in a Thai Population

Anchisa Aittiwarapoj
1   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Rachai Juengsomjit
1   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Nakarin Kitkumthorn
2   Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Puangwan Lapthanasupkul
1   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
16 October 2019 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Tongue is regarded as one of the common sites of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinicopathological profile of OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) at the tongue.

Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological characteristics of 208 Thai patients diagnosed with SCC and OPMDs at the tongue in the period from 1996 to 2015. Chi-squared test was used to compare differences between patient’s clinical and histopathological features.

Results Seventy-eight tongue SCC and 130 tongue OPMD cases were present over the study period. Slight male predominance was found for tongue SCC, while a slight female predominance was present for tongue OPMDs. Both tongue SCC and tongue OPMDs were mostly diagnosed in the old age patients (>40 years old). The majority of tongue SCC and OPMDs occurred at the tip and lateral of the tongue. The most common histologic grading of tongue SCC was well differentiated and no poor differentiation was found in this study. More than a half of tongue OPMDs showed epithelial dysplasia. Both tongue SCC and OPMDs demonstrated no significant correlation between clinical feature and histopathologic diagnosis.

Conclusions Tongue SCC and OPMDs were particularly found in the elderly population and frequently developed at the tip and lateral of the tongue. Most of tongue OPMDs, particularly all of tongue erythroplakia, exhibited epithelial dysplasia. For dental practitioners, awareness in the early detection and diagnosis of these tongue lesions should be raised.

Keywords

cancer - erythroplakia - leukoplakia - oral potentially malignant disorders - squamous cell carcinoma - tongue
 

  • References

  • 1 Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a global study. Head Neck 2017; 39 (02) 297-304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bello IO, Soini Y, Salo T. Prognostic evaluation of oral tongue cancer: means, markers and perspectives (I). Oral Oncol 2010; 46 (09) 630-635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Warnakulasuriya S. Living with oral cancer: epidemiology with particular reference to prevalence and life-style changes that influence survival. Oral Oncol 2010; 46 (06) 407-410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Annertz K, Anderson H, Biörklund A. et al. Incidence and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults. Int J Cancer 2002; 101 (01) 95-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36 (10) 575-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncol 2009; 45 (04) (05) 317-323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Organization WH. The International Classification of Diseases. 9th. edition Geneva: World Health Organization; 1977
    Google Scholar
  • 8 WHO. Histological Typing of Oral and Oropharyngeal Tumours. International Histological Classification of Tumours. Geneva: WHO; 1971
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Sun Q, Fang Q, Guo S. A comparison of oral squamous cell carcinoma between young and old patients in a single medical center in China. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8 (08) 12418-12423
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Rikardsen OG, Bjerkli IH, Uhlin-Hansen L, Hadler-Olsen E, Steigen SE. Clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Northern Norway: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14: 103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Brandizzi D, Gandolfo M, Velazco ML, Cabrini RL, Lanfranchi HE. Clinical features and evolution of oral cancer: a study of 274 cases in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13 (09) E544-E548
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Rodrigues PC, Miguel MC, Bagordakis E. et al. Clinicopathological prognostic factors of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 202 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43 (07) 795-801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Shamloo N, Lotfi A, Motazadian HR, Mortazavi H, Baharvand M. Squamous cell carcinoma as the most common lesion of the tongue in Iranians: a 22-year retrospective study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17 (03) 1415-1419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Vasconcelos MG, Mafra RP, Vasconcelos RG, Medeiros AMCd, Queiroz LMG. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: clinical and morphological analysis of 57 cases and correlation with prognosis. J Bras Patol Med Lab 2014; 50: 359-363
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Gueiros LA, Coletta RD, Kowalski LP, Lopes MA. Clinicopathological features and proliferation markers in tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40 (05) 510-515
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Selvamani M, Yamunadevi A, Basandi PS, Madhushankari GS. Prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma of tongue in and around Davangere, Karnataka, India: a retrospective study over 13 years. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7 (Suppl. 02) S491-S494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Mello FW, Melo G, Meurer MI, Rivero ERC. Intraoral potentially malignant disorders in a Brazilian oral pathology service: epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological findings. J Oncol 2018; 2018: 2325808
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Hassona Y, Scully C, Almangush A, Baqain Z, Sawair F. Oral potentially malignant disorders among dental patients: a pilot study in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15 (23) 10427-10431
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Fitzpatrick SG, Hirsch SA, Gordon SC. The malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2014; 145 (01) 45-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Pires FR, Ramos AB, Oliveira JB, Tavares AS, Luz PS, Santos TC. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: clinicopathological features from 346 cases from a single oral pathology service during an 8-year period. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21 (05) 460-467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ramesh R, Sadasivan A. Oral squamous cell carcinoma masquerading as gingival overgrowth. Eur J Dent 2017; 11 (03) 390-394
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gopinath D, Thannikunnath BV, Neermunda SF. Prevalence of carcinomatous foci in oral leukoplakia: a clinicopathologic study of 546 Indian samples. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10 (08) ZC78-ZC83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Schepman KP, van der Meij EH, Smeele LE, van der Waal I. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a follow-up study of a hospital-based population of 166 patients with oral leukoplakia from the Netherlands. Oral Oncol 1998; 34 (04) 270-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Scheifele C, Nassar A, Reichart PA. Prevalence of oral cancer and potentially malignant lesions among shammah users in Yemen. Oral Oncol 2007; 43 (01) 42-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kantola S, Parikka M, Jokinen K. et al. Prognostic factors in tongue cancer - relative importance of demographic, clinical and histopathological factors. Br J. Cancer 2000; 83 (05) 614-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Rai HC, Ahmed J. Clinicopathological correlation study of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a local Indian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17 (03) 1251-1254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Lee JJ, Hung HC, Cheng SJ. et al. Carcinoma and dysplasia in oral leukoplakias in Taiwan: prevalence and risk factors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 101 (04) 472-480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL. et al. Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47 (07) 633-640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Chen JK, Katz RV, Krutchkoff DJ. Intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. Epidemiologic patterns in Connecticut from 1935 to 1985. Cancer 1990; 66 (06) 1288-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Narayan TV, Shilpashree S. Meta-analysis on clinicopathologic risk factors of leukoplakias undergoing malignant transformation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20 (03) 354-361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Irani S, Esfahani AM, Ghorbani A. Dysplastic change rate in cases of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 112 cases in an Iranian population. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20 (03) 395-399
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar