Semin intervent Radiol 2019; 36(03): 194-202
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693119
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Systematic Review of Contemporary Evidence for the Management of T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma: What IRs Need to Know for Kidney Cancer Tumor Boards

Julie Cronan
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Sean Dariushnia
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Zachary Bercu
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Robert Mitchell Ermentrout
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Bill Majdalany
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Laura Findeiss
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Janice Newsome
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
,
Nima Kokabi
1   Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
19 August 2019 (online)

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma is a relatively common malignancy, with 60 to 70 thousand cases a year in the United States alone. Increased utilization of cross-sectional imaging has led to an increase in the number of early renal cell cancers seen by the medical establishment. In addition, certain patient populations have an increased risk of developing kidney cancers which may mandate aggressive screening protocols. This article discusses the epidemiology of renal cell cancers; discusses the current management guidelines from multiple specialty societies; discusses some of the surgical and interventional techniques used in the treatment of such lesions; and provides a review of the literature regarding treatments of early-stage renal cell cancers.

 
  • References

  • 1 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68 (06) 394-424
  • 2 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68 (01) 7-30
  • 3 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, Ruhban IA, Sonbol MB, Ho TH. Trends in renal-cell carcinoma incidence and mortality in the United States in the last 2 decades: a SEER-based study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17 (01) 46.e5-57.e5
  • 4 Jonasch E, Gao J, Rathmell WK. Renal cell carcinoma. BMJ 2014; 349: g4797
  • 5 Sun M, Thuret R, Abdollah F. , et al. Age-adjusted incidence, mortality, and survival rates of stage-specific renal cell carcinoma in North America: a trend analysis. Eur Urol 2011; 59 (01) 135-141
  • 6 Kabaria R, Klaassen Z, Terris MK. Renal cell carcinoma: links and risks. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9: 45-52
  • 7 Petejova N, Martinek A. Renal cell carcinoma: review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160 (02) 183-194
  • 8 Campbell S, Uzzo RG, Allaf ME. , et al. Renal mass and localized renal cancer: AUA guideline. J Urol 2017; 198 (03) 520-529
  • 9 Jabaji RB, Fischer H, Kern T, Chien GW. Trend of surgical treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma. Perm J 2019; 23: 18-108
  • 10 Kokabi N, Xing M, Duszak Jr R, Howard DH, Camacho JC, Kim HS. Sociodemographic disparities in treatment and survival of small localized renal cell carcinoma: surgical resection versus thermal ablation. J Comp Eff Res 2016; 5 (05) 441-452
  • 11 Kutikov A, Uzzo RG. The R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score: a comprehensive standardized system for quantitating renal tumor size, location and depth. J Urol 2009; 182 (03) 844-853
  • 12 Alsaikhan N, Alshehri W, Cassidy F, Aganovic L, Vahdat N. Renal tumor structured reporting including nephrometry score and beyond: what the urologist and interventional radiologist need to know. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44 (01) 190-200
  • 13 Ficarra V, Novara G, Secco S. , et al. Preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical (PADUA) classification of renal tumours in patients who are candidates for nephron-sparing surgery. Eur Urol 2009; 56 (05) 786-793
  • 14 Finelli A, Ismaila N, Bro B. , et al. Management of small renal masses: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (06) 668-680
  • 15 Krokidis ME, Orsi F, Katsanos K, Helmberger T, Adam A. CIRSE guidelines on percutaneous ablation of small renal cell carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2017; 40 (02) 177-191
  • 16 Motzer RJ, Jonasch E, Agarwal N. , et al. Kidney cancer, version 2.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2017; 15 (06) 804-834
  • 17 Kunkle DA, Uzzo RG. Cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation of the small renal mass: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2008; 113 (10) 2671-2680
  • 18 O'Malley RL, Berger AD, Kanofsky JA, Phillips CK, Stifelman M, Taneja SS. A matched-cohort comparison of laparoscopic cryoablation and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for treating renal masses. BJU Int 2007; 99 (02) 395-398
  • 19 Pierorazio PM, Johnson MH, Patel HD. , et al. Management of renal masses and localized renal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol 2016; 196 (04) 989-999
  • 20 Zlotta AR, Wildschutz T, Raviv G. , et al. Radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) is a possible new modality for treatment of renal cancer: ex vivo and in vivo experience. J Endourol 1997; 11 (04) 251-258
  • 21 Krokidis ME, Kitrou P, Spiliopoulos S, Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K. Image-guided minimally invasive treatment for small renal cell carcinoma. Insights Imaging 2018; 9 (03) 385-390
  • 22 Kwan KG, Matsumoto ED. Radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation of renal tumours. Curr Oncol 2007; 14 (01) 34-38
  • 23 Higgins LJ, Hong K. Renal ablation techniques: state of the art. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205 (04) 735-741
  • 24 Uchida M, Imaide Y, Sugimoto K, Uehara H, Watanabe H. Percutaneous cryosurgery for renal tumours. Br J Urol 1995; 75 (02) 132-136 , discussion 136–137
  • 25 Prins FM, Kerkmeijer LGW, Pronk AA. , et al. Renal cell carcinoma: alternative nephron-sparing treatment options for small renal masses, a systematic review. J Endourol 2017; 31 (10) 963-975
  • 26 Uhlig J, Kokabi N, Xing M, Kim HS. Ablation versus resection for stage 1A renal cell carcinoma: national variation in clinical management and selected outcomes. Radiology 2018; 288 (03) 889-897
  • 27 Gage AA, Baust J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery. Cryobiology 1998; 37 (03) 171-186
  • 28 Allen BC, Remer EM. Percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors: patient selection, technique, and postprocedural imaging. Radiographics 2010; 30 (04) 887-900
  • 29 Campbell SC, Krishnamurthi V, Chow G, Hale J, Myles J, Novick AC. Renal cryosurgery: experimental evaluation of treatment parameters. Urology 1998; 52 (01) 29-33 , discussion 33–34
  • 30 Venkatesan AM, Wood BJ, Gervais DA. Percutaneous ablation in the kidney. Radiology 2011; 261 (02) 375-391
  • 31 Gu L, Ma X, Li H. , et al. Comparison of oncologic outcomes between partial and radical nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2016; 25 (04) 385-393
  • 32 Van Poppel H, Becker F, Cadeddu JA. , et al. Treatment of localised renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2011; 60 (04) 662-672
  • 33 Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM. , et al. Every minute counts when the renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol 2010; 58 (03) 340-345
  • 34 Rivero JR, De La Cerda III J, Wang H. , et al. Partial nephrectomy versus thermal ablation for clinical stage T1 renal masses: systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 3,900 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29 (01) 18-29
  • 35 Uhlig J, Strauss A, Rücker G. , et al. Partial nephrectomy versus ablative techniques for small renal masses: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2019; 29 (03) 1293-1307
  • 36 Xing M, Kokabi N, Zhang D, Ludwig JM, Kim HS. Comparative effectiveness of thermal ablation, surgical resection, and active surveillance for T1a renal cell carcinoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked population study. Radiology 2018; 288 (01) 81-90
  • 37 Olweny EO, Park SK, Tan YK, Best SL, Trimmer C, Cadeddu JA. Radiofrequency ablation versus partial nephrectomy in patients with solitary clinical T1a renal cell carcinoma: comparable oncologic outcomes at a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Eur Urol 2012; 61 (06) 1156-1161
  • 38 Takaki H, Yamakado K, Soga N. , et al. Midterm results of radiofrequency ablation versus nephrectomy for T1a renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28 (06) 460-468
  • 39 Zagoria RJ, Pettus JA, Rogers M, Werle DM, Childs D, Leyendecker JR. Long-term outcomes after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2011; 77 (06) 1393-1397
  • 40 Sung HH, Park BK, Kim CK, Choi HY, Lee HM. Comparison of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of size- and location-matched renal masses. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28 (03) 227-234
  • 41 Psutka SP, Feldman AS, McDougal WS, McGovern FJ, Mueller P, Gervais DA. Long-term oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation for T1 renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2013; 63 (03) 486-492
  • 42 Balageas P, Cornelis F, Le Bras Y. , et al. Ten-year experience of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation of malignant renal tumours in high-risk patients. Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (07) 1925-1932
  • 43 Karam JA, Ahrar K, Vikram R. , et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal tumours with clinical, radiographical and pathological results. BJU Int 2013; 111 (06) 997-1005
  • 44 Veltri A, Gazzera C, Busso M. , et al. T1a as the sole selection criterion for RFA of renal masses: randomized controlled trials versus surgery should not be postponed. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37 (05) 1292-1298
  • 45 Wah TM, Irving HC, Gregory W, Cartledge J, Joyce AD, Selby PJ. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int 2014; 113 (03) 416-428
  • 46 Lorber G, Glamore M, Doshi M, Jorda M, Morillo-Burgos G, Leveillee RJ. Long-term oncologic outcomes following radiofrequency ablation with real-time temperature monitoring for T1a renal cell cancer. Urol Oncol 2014; 32 (07) 1017-1023
  • 47 McClure TD, Chow DS, Tan N, Sayre JA, Pantuck AJ, Raman SS. Intermediate outcomes and predictors of efficacy in the radiofrequency ablation of 100 pathologically proven renal cell carcinomas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25 (11) 1682-1688 , quiz 1689
  • 48 Thompson RH, Atwell T, Schmit G. , et al. Comparison of partial nephrectomy and percutaneous ablation for cT1 renal masses. Eur Urol 2015; 67 (02) 252-259
  • 49 Chang X, Liu T, Zhang F. , et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus partial nephrectomy for clinical T1a renal-cell carcinoma: long-term clinical and oncologic outcomes based on a propensity score analysis. J Endourol 2015; 29 (05) 518-525
  • 50 Iannuccilli JD, Dupuy DE, Beland MD, Machan JT, Golijanin DJ, Mayo-Smith WW. Effectiveness and safety of computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal cancer: a 14-year single institution experience in 203 patients. Eur Radiol 2016; 26 (06) 1656-1664
  • 51 Ito K, Soga S, Seguchi K. , et al. Clinical outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for small renal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14 (01) 918-924
  • 52 Johnson B, Sorokin I, Cadeddu JA. Ten-year outcomes of renal tumor radiofrequency ablation. J Urol 2018 Doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.08.045. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 53 Park BK, Gong IH, Kang MY. , et al. RFA versus robotic partial nephrectomy for T1a renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score-matched comparison of mid-term outcome. Eur Radiol 2018; 28 (07) 2979-2985
  • 54 Guan W, Bai J, Liu J. , et al. Microwave ablation versus partial nephrectomy for small renal tumors: intermediate-term results. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106 (03) 316-321
  • 55 Yu J, Liang P, Yu XL. , et al. US-guided percutaneous microwave ablation versus open radical nephrectomy for small renal cell carcinoma: intermediate-term results. Radiology 2014; 270 (03) 880-887
  • 56 Yu J, Zhang G, Liang P. , et al. Midterm results of percutaneous microwave ablation under ultrasound guidance versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radial nephrectomy for small renal cell carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (08) 3248-3256
  • 57 Gao Y, Liang P, Yu X. , et al. Microwave treatment of renal cell carcinoma adjacent to renal sinus. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85 (11) 2083-2089
  • 58 Wells SA, Wheeler KM, Mithqal A, Patel MS, Brace CL, Schenkman NS. Percutaneous microwave ablation of T1a and T1b renal cell carcinoma: short-term efficacy and complications with emphasis on tumor complexity and single session treatment. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016; 41 (06) 1203-1211
  • 59 Klapperich ME, Abel EJ, Ziemlewicz TJ. , et al. Effect of tumor complexity and technique on efficacy and complications after percutaneous microwave ablation of stage T1a renal cell carcinoma: a single-center, retrospective study. Radiology 2017; 284 (01) 272-280
  • 60 Chan P, Vélasco S, Vesselle G. , et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation of renal cancers under CT guidance: safety and efficacy with a 2-year follow-up. Clin Radiol 2017; 72 (09) 786-792
  • 61 Filippiadis DK, Gkizas C, Chrysofos M. , et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation of renal cell carcinoma using a high power microwave system: focus upon safety and efficacy. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34 (07) 1077-1081
  • 62 Thompson SM, Schmitz JJ, Thompson RH. , et al. Introduction of microwave ablation into a renal ablation practice: valuable lessons learned. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 211 (06) 1381-1389
  • 63 Strom KH, Derweesh I, Stroup SP. , et al. Second prize: recurrence rates after percutaneous and laparoscopic renal cryoablation of small renal masses: does the approach make a difference?. J Endourol 2011; 25 (03) 371-375
  • 64 Haber GP, Lee MC, Crouzet S, Kamoi K, Gill IS. Tumour in solitary kidney: laparoscopic partial nephrectomy vs laparoscopic cryoablation. BJU Int 2012; 109 (01) 118-124
  • 65 Haramis G, Graversen JA, Mues AC. , et al. Retrospective comparison of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small (<3.5 cm) cortical renal masses. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2012; 22 (02) 152-157
  • 66 Blute Jr ML, Okhunov Z, Moreira DM. , et al. Image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation: preoperative risk factors for recurrence and complications. BJU Int 2013; 111 (4, Pt B): E181-E185
  • 67 Guillotreau J, Yakoubi R, Long JA. , et al. Robotic partial nephrectomy for small renal masses in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease. Urology 2012; 80 (04) 845-851
  • 68 Tanagho YS, Bhayani SB, Kim EH, Figenshau RS. Renal cryoablation versus robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: Washington University long-term experience. J Endourol 2013; 27 (12) 1477-1486
  • 69 Buy X, Lang H, Garnon J, Sauleau E, Roy C, Gangi A. Percutaneous renal cryoablation: prospective experience treating 120 consecutive tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201 (06) 1353-1361
  • 70 Kim EH, Tanagho YS, Saad NE, Bhayani SB, Figenshau RS. Comparison of laparoscopic and percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of renal masses. Urology 2014; 83 (05) 1081-1087
  • 71 Johnson S, Pham KN, See W, Begun FP, Langenstroer P. Laparoscopic cryoablation for clinical stage T1 renal masses: long-term oncologic outcomes at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Urology 2014; 84 (03) 613-618
  • 72 Georgiades CS, Rodriguez R. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous cryoablation for stage 1A/B renal cell carcinoma: results of a prospective, single-arm, 5-year study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37 (06) 1494-1499
  • 73 Zargar H, Samarasekera D, Khalifeh A. , et al. Laparoscopic vs percutaneous cryoablation for the small renal mass: 15-year experience at a single center. Urology 2015; 85 (04) 850-855
  • 74 Aoun HD, Littrup PJ, Jaber M. , et al. Percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors: Is it time for a new paradigm shift?. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 28 (10) 1363-1370
  • 75 Breen DJ, King AJ, Patel N, Lockyer R, Hayes M. Image-guided cryoablation for sporadic renal cell carcinoma: three- and 5-year outcomes in 220 patients with biopsy-proven renal cell carcinoma. Radiology 2018; 289 (02) 554-561
  • 76 Antonelli A, Ficarra V, Bertini R. , et al; Members of the SATURN Project - LUNA Foundation. Elective partial nephrectomy is equivalent to radical nephrectomy in patients with clinical T1 renal cell carcinoma: results of a retrospective, comparative, multi-institutional study. BJU Int 2012; 109 (07) 1013-1018
  • 77 Lai TC, Ma WK, Yiu MK. Partial nephrectomy for T1 renal cancer can achieve an equivalent oncological outcome to radical nephrectomy with better renal preservation: the way to go. Hong Kong Med J 2016; 22 (01) 39-45
  • 78 Andrade HS, Zargar H, Caputo PA. , et al. Five-year oncologic outcomes after transperitoneal robotic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2016; 69 (06) 1149-1154
  • 79 Iannuccilli JD, Grand DJ, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW. Percutaneous ablation for small renal masses-imaging follow-up. Semin Intervent Radiol 2014; 31 (01) 50-63
  • 80 Young EE, Castle SM, Gorbatiy V, Leveillee RJ. Comparison of safety, renal function outcomes and efficacy of laparoscopic and percutaneous radio frequency ablation of renal masses. J Urol 2012; 187 (04) 1177-1182
  • 81 Shiroki R, Fukami N, Fukaya K. , et al. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: superiority over laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Int J Urol 2016; 23 (02) 122-131
  • 82 Novara G, La Falce S, Kungulli A, Gandaglia G, Ficarra V, Mottrie A. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Int J Surg 2016; 36 (Pt C(: 554-559
  • 83 Esen T, Acar Ö, Musaoğlu A, Vural M. Morphometric profile of the localised renal tumors managed either by open or robot-assisted nephron-sparing surgery: the impact of scoring systems on the decision making process. BMC Urol 2013; 13: 63
  • 84 Hayn MH, Schwaab T, Underwood W, Kim HL. RENAL nephrometry score predicts surgical outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. BJU Int 2011; 108 (06) 876-881
  • 85 Watts KL, Ghosh P, Stein S, Ghavamian R. Value of nephrometry score constituents on perioperative outcomes and split renal function in patients undergoing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. Urology 2017; 99: 112-117
  • 86 Kutikov A, Smaldone MC, Egleston BL. , et al. Anatomic features of enhancing renal masses predict malignant and high-grade pathology: a preoperative nomogram using the RENAL Nephrometry score. Eur Urol 2011; 60 (02) 241-248
  • 87 Camacho JC, Kokabi N, Xing M. , et al. R.E.N.A.L. (radius, exophytic/endophytic, nearness to collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior, and location relative to polar lines) nephrometry score predicts early tumor recurrence and complications after percutaneous ablative therapies for renal cell carcinoma: a 5-year experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26 (05) 686-693
  • 88 Schmit GD, Thompson RH, Kurup AN. , et al. Usefulness of R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scoring system for predicting outcomes and complications of percutaneous ablation of 751 renal tumors. J Urol 2013; 189 (01) 30-35
  • 89 Maxwell AWP, Baird GL, Iannuccilli JD, Mayo-Smith WW, Dupuy DE. Renal cell carcinoma: comparison of RENAL nephrometry and PADUA scores with maximum tumor diameter for prediction of local recurrence after thermal ablation. Radiology 2017; 283 (02) 590-597
  • 90 Larcher A, Sun M, Dell'Oglio P. , et al. Mortality, morbidity and healthcare expenditures after local tumour ablation or partial nephrectomy for T1A kidney cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43 (04) 815-822
  • 91 Wang Y, Chen YW, Leow JJ, Levy AC, Chang SL, Gelpi FH. Cost-effectiveness of management options for small renal mass: a systematic review. Am J Clin Oncol 2016; 39 (05) 484-490
  • 92 Castle SM, Gorbatiy V, Avallone MA, Eldefrawy A, Caulton DE, Leveillee RJ. Cost comparison of nephron-sparing treatments for cT1a renal masses. Urol Oncol 2013; 31 (07) 1327-1332