Download PDF
Facial Plast Surg 2018; 34(02): 109-113
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1637727
Original Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Surgical Anatomy of the Upper Face and Forehead

Frank Gerard Garritano
1   Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
,
Vito C. Quatela
2   Otolaryngology Division, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 April 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Aesthetic ideals regarding proportion and balance of the face have existed for centuries. The upper third of the face, including the brow, forehead, and temple, provides an important contribution to the overall facial aesthetic. This is especially true given how the brow frames the eyes, and the eyes serve as the key focal point in our interactions with others. There exists a variety of surgical and nonsurgical procedures aimed at improving the aesthetic of the upper portion of the face, and a thorough knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the upper face and forehead is critical to their successful execution.

Keywords

upper face - forehead - brow - anatomy
 

  • References

  • 1 Tolleth H. Concepts for the plastic surgeon from art and sculpture. Clin Plast Surg 1987; 14 (04) 585-598
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Nguyen HT, Isaacowitz DM, Rubin PA. Age- and fatigue-related markers of human faces: an eye-tracking study. Ophthalmology 2009; 116 (02) 355-360
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Freund RM, Nolan III WB. Correlation between brow lift outcomes and aesthetic ideals for eyebrow height and shape in females. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 97 (07) 1343-1348
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Pitanguy I, Ramos AS. The frontal branch of the facial nerve: the importance of its variations in face lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 38 (04) 352-356
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Tomaszewska A, Kwiatkowska B, Jankauskas R. The localization of the supraorbital notch or foramen is crucial for headache and supraorbital neuralgia avoiding and treatment. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295 (09) 1494-1503
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Correa BJ, Weathers WM, Wolfswinkel EM, Thornton JF. The forehead flap: the gold standard of nasal soft tissue reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 2013; 27 (02) 96-103
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Sullivan PK, Salomon JA, Woo AS, Freeman MB. The importance of the retaining ligamentous attachments of the forehead for selective eyebrow reshaping and forehead rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (01) 95-104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Babakurban ST, Cakmak O, Kendir S, Elhan A, Quatela VC. Temporal branch of the facial nerve and its relationship to fascial layers. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (01) 16-23
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Lemke BN, Stasior OG. The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100 (06) 981-986
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Park SH, Sun HJ, Choi KS. Sudden unilateral visual loss after autologous fat injection into the nasolabial fold. Clin Ophthalmol 2008; 2 (03) 679-683
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Liang MD. Temporal approach to corrugator laser ablation. In: Ramirez Om, Daniel RK. , eds. Endoscopic Plastic Surgery. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1996: :28-35
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Trinei FA, Januszkiewicz J, Nahai F. The sentinel vein: an important reference point for surgery in the temporal region. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101 (01) 27-32
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Sabini P, Wayne I, Quatela VC. Anatomical guides to precisely localize the frontal branch of the facial nerve. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2003; 5 (02) 150-152
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Knize DM. Anatomic concepts for brow lift procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (06) 2118-2126
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Ramirez OM. Why I prefer the endoscopic forehead lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100 (04) 1033-1039 , discussion 1043–1046
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar