Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627504
Cultural formulation of diagnosis: state of the art
Literature review of a culturally-sensitive toolKulturformulierung der Diagnose: aktueller StandPublication History
eingegangen am:
01 February 2017
angenommen am:
28 April 2017
Publication Date:
20 January 2018 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00034916/201708/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0038-1627504-1.jpg)
Summary
In 1994, the Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) was included as a supplement to the DSM-IV. The OCF was developed as a tool to help care providers gain more insight in cultural factors which might be relevant while diagnosing mental problems of patients with cultural backgrounds that differ from the care provider´s. More than twenty years after publication, the query is justified whether the OCF actually serves the purpose it was intended for, and whether any adjustments are needed. By means of a literature search an answer is sought to these questions. The main conclusion is that reactions of professionals to the cultural formulation were positive and that it has managed to find its way into education, and, to a lesser extent, into clinical practice. However, evaluative and effect studies have been mostly lacking in the first period. Recent research has shown more favourable effects.
Zusammenfassung
Im Jahr 1994 wurde die Gliederung für die Kulturformulierung (OCF) als Ergänzung zur DSM-IV aufgenommen. Die OCF wurde als Instrument entwickelt, um den Betreuern zu helfen, mehr Einblick in kulturelle Faktoren zu gewinnen, die bei der Diagnose von psychischen Problemen bei Patienten mit kulturellen Hintergründen, die sich von den Pflegeanbietern unterscheiden, relevant sein könnten. Mehr als zwanzig Jahre nach der Veröffentlichung ist die Abfrage berechtigt, ob die OCF tatsächlich dem Zweck dient, für den sie bestimmt war und ob Anpassungen erforderlich sind. Mit Hilfe einer Literatursuche wird auf diese Fragen eine Antwort gesucht. Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung ist, dass Reaktionen von Fachleuten auf die kulturelle Formulierung positiv waren und dass es gelungen ist, ihren Weg in die Bildung und in geringerem Maße in die klinische Praxis zu finden. Allerdings fehlten in der ersten Periode meist Auswertungsund Wirkungsstudien. Aktuelle Forschungen haben günstige Effekte gezeigt.
-
References
- 1 Acharya L. Bhutanese refugees 15 years later: A study on the effects of trauma among women who are survivors of torture. Dissertation abstracts international: Section B: The sciences and engineering. 2009; 69 (7-B): 4406.
- 2 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition.. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
- 3 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition.. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
- 4 Bäärnhielm S. et al. Culture, context and psychiatric diagnosis. Stockholm: Transcultural Centre, Stockholm Count Council 2007
- 5 Bäärnhielm S. et al. The Cultural formulation: A model to combine nosology and patients’ life context in psychiatric diagnostic practice. Transcultural Psychiatry 2009; 46 (03) 406-428.
- 6 Beijers H, Tempelman G. Cultureel interview overbrugt cultuurverschillen [Cultural interview bridges differences in culture]. Phaxx 2009; 16 (01) 10-12.
- 7 Beijers H, Van Dijk R. De implementatie van het Culturele Interview [The implementation of the Cultural Interview]. In: Van Dijk et al. (eds). Het culturele interview. Deel 1 Praktijk ervaringen. [The Cultural Interview. Part 1. Clinical experiences] Utrecht: Pharos. 2012
- 8 Benish S. et al. Culturally adapted psychotherapy and the legitimacy of myth. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011; 58: 279-289.
- 9 Bruggeman L, Busser G. Cultureel interviewen en huisartsopleiding. [Cultural interviewing and the education of General Practitioners]. In: Van Dijk et al. (eds). Het culturele interview. Deel 1 Praktijk ervaringen. [The Cultural Interview. Part 1. Clinical experiences]. Utrecht: Pharos 2012
- 10 Bhui K. et al. Cultural competence in mental health care: a review of model evaluations. BMC Health Services Research 2007; 07: 15.
- 11 Borra R. et al. (eds.) Cultuur, classificatie en diagnose [Culture, classification and diagnosis]. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum 2012
- 12 Boutin-Foster C. et al. Physician, know thyself; the professional culture of medicine as a framework for teaching cultural competence. Academic Medicine 2008; 83: 116-111.
- 13 Cabral Smith T. Racial/ethnic matching of clients and therapists in mental health services. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011; 58 (04) 537-554.
- 14 Griner D, Smith T. Culturally adapted mental health interventions: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy: Research, Practice, Theory 2006; 43 (04) 531-538.
- 15 Groen S. Een nieuwe versie van het culturele interview [A new version of the cultural interview]. Cultuur Migratie Gezondheid 2008; 05: 96-103.
- 16 Groen S. Recognizing cultural identity in mental health care: Rethinking the cultural formulation of a Somali patient. Transcultural Psychiatry 2009; 46 (03) 451-462.
- 17 Groen S, Laban K. Beter begrepen, sneller bereikt [Better understood, faster reached]. De Evenaar: Beilen 2011
- 18 Groen S. et al. Implementation of the Cultural Formulation through a newly developed Brief Cultural Interview: Pilot data from the Netherlands. Transcultural Psychiatry 2017; 54 (01) 3-22.
- 19 Groleau D. et al. The McGill Illness Narrative Interview (mini): an interview schedule to elicit meanings and modes of reasoning related to illness experience. Transcultural Psychiatry 2006; 43 (04) 671-691.
- 20 Gumbs P. Het culturele interview [The Cultural Interview]. In: Van Dijk R, et al. (eds). Het culturele interview. Deel 1 Praktijk ervaringen. [The Cultural Interview. Part 1. Clinical experiences]. Utrecht: Pharos 2012
- 21 Harris TL. et al. Multicultural psychiatric education: using the DSM-IV-tr Outline for Cultural Formulation to improve resident cultural competence. Academic Psychiatry 2008; 32 (04) 306-312.
- 22 Hollan D. The relevance of person-centered ethnography to cross-cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry 1997; 34: 219-234.
- 23 Kirmayer LJ. et al. Use of an expanded version of the DSM-IV outline for cultural formulation on a cultural consultation service. Psychiatric Services 2008; 59 (06) 683-686.
- 24 Kirmayer LJ. et al. Training clinicians in cultural psychiatry: a Canadian perspective. Academic Psychiatry 2008; 32 (04) 313-319.
- 25 Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1980
- 26 Kleinman A. Rethinking psychiatry. From cultural category to personal experience. New York: The Free Press; 1998
- 27 Kortmann F. Transculturele psychiatrie [Transcultural psychiatry]. Assen: Van Gorcum 2006
- 28 Lopez S, Garro L. Cultural competence and psychotherapy: applying anthropologically informed conceptions of culture. Psychotherapy: Research, Practice, Theory 2006; 03 (04) 380-396.
- 29 Lewis-Fernández R. Cultural Formulation of psychiatric diagnosis. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 1996; 20: 133-153.
- 30 Lewis-Fernández R. et al. DSM-5. Handbook on the Cultural Formulation Interview. Washington: APP 2015
- 31 Lewis-Fernández R. et al. Feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the Cultural Formulation Interview: mixed-methods results from the DSM-5 international field trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.193862.
- 32 Lim R. (ed.) Clinical manual of cultural psychiatry. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006
- 33 Lopez-Appelo SG. Use of biopsychosocial services, cultural formulation and culturally sensitive service integration in public sector mental health: Impact on outcomes for Hispanic adult outpatients. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2008; 68 (8-B): 5582.
- 34 Mezzich JE. Cultural formulation: Development and critical review. In: Mezzich J, Caracci G. (eds.). Cultural formulation: A reader for psychiatric diagnosis. Lahnham: Jason Aronson; 2008
- 35 Mezzich JE, Salloum IM. Personenzentrierte integrative diagnostik. Die Psychiatrie: Grundlagen & Perspektiven 2007; 04 (04) 262-265.
- 36 Neighbors HW. et al. Racial differences in DSM diagnosis using a semi-structured instrument: the importance of clinical judgement in the diagnosis of African Americans. Journal of Health & Social Behavior 2003; 44 (03) 237-56.
- 37 Nivel research report. Bijdrage van het Cultureel Interview door POH-GGZ in diagnose en behandeling van niet-westerse patiënten in de huisartspraktijk. [contribution of the Cultural Interview by a psychologist supporter of a general practitioner in diagnostics and treatment of non-western patients in the general practice]. 2015
- 38 Piksen B. Het gebruik van het culturele interview in Nederland. [The use of the Cultural Interview in The Netherlands]. In: Van Dijk et al. (eds.) Het culturele interview. Deel 1 Praktijk ervaringen. [The Cultural Interview. Part 1. Clinical experiences]. Utrecht: Pharos 2015
- 39 Rohlof H. et al. Het culturele interview [The cultural interview]. In: Borra R, et al. (eds.). Cultuur, classificatie en diagnose [Culture, classification and diagnosis]. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum: Houten 2002
- 40 Rohlof H, Ghane S. Het cultureel interview [The cultural interview]. In: van Dijk R, Sönmez N. (eds.). Cultuursensitief werken met DSM-IV Working culture sensitively with DSM-IV. Rotterdam: Mikado 2003
- 41 Rohlof H. The cultural interview in the Netherlands: The cultural formulation in your pocket. In: Mezzich J, Caracci G. (eds.). Cultural formulation. A reader for psychiatric diagnosis. Lanham: Jason Aranson 2008
- 42 Rohlof H. et al. Use of the cultural formulation with refugees. Transcultural Psychiatry 2009; 46 (03) 487-505.
- 43 Rohlof H, Groen S. De cultural formulation of diagnosis [The cultural formulation of diagnosis]. In: De Jong J, Colijn S. (eds.). Handboek culturele psychiatrie en psychotherapie [Manual cultural psychiatry and psychotherapy]. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom 2010
- 44 Starmans R. The value of the cultural interview in a GP’s surgery. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht 2005
- 45 Ton H. et al. A qualitative needs assessment for development of a cultural consultation service. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005; 42 (03) 491-504.
- 46 Van Dijk et al. Cultural Formulation of Diagnosis: een uitdagende werkwijze [Cultural Formulation of Diagnosis: a challenging method ]. In: Borra R, et al. (eds.) Cultuur, classificatie en diagnose [Culture, classification and diagnosis]. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum 2005
- 47 Van Dijk R. Cultuur in de geestelijke gezondheidszorg [Culture in mental health care]. In: De Jong J, Colijn S. (eds.). Handboek culturele psychiatrie en psychotherapie [Manual cultural psychiatry and psychotherapy]. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom 2010
- 48 Van Dijk R. et al. Het culturele interview. Deel 1 Praktijk ervaringen. [The Cultural Interview. Part 1. Clinical experiences]. Utrecht: Pharos 2012
- 49 Van Dijk R. et al. Het culturele interview. Deel 2 Beschouwingen [The Cultural Interview. Part 2. Discussion]. Utrecht: Pharos 2012
- 50 Van Loon A. et al. Bridging the gap for ethnic minority adult outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders by culturally adapted treatments. Journal of Affective Disorders 2013; 147: 9-16.
- 51 Weiss MG. et al. The explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC). British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 819-830.
- 52 Weiss M. Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC): Framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry 1997; 34 (02) 235-263.
- 53 Zandi T. et al. The need for culture-sensitive diagnostic procedures: a study among psychotic patients in Morocco. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008; 43 (03) 244-50.