Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung bei weiblichen, domestizierten Neuweltkameliden^[*]

Zusammenfassung

In Deutschland werden immer mehr Neuweltkameliden gehalten. Besitzer und Züchter sind in der Regel gut über ihre Tiere informiert. Für betreuende Tierärzte gilt daher, über den neuesten veterinärmedizinischen Kenntnisstand zu verfügen, auch in Bezug auf die Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung. Besonderheiten der Fortpflanzung bei Neuweltkameliden sind eine induzierte Ovulation, keine zyklische Sexualaktivität, eine relativ lange Trächtigkeitsdauer von 336–349 Tagen und überwiegend Linkshornträchtigkeiten. Im Rahmen der gynäkologischen Untersuchung spielt die Ultrasonographie eine wichtige Rolle. Generell kann ultrasonographisch transrektal sowie transkutan in der linken oder rechten Flanke untersucht werden. Bei der transrektalen Ultrasonographie muss sehr vorsichtig vorgegangen werden, um Rektumverletzungen vorzubeugen. Eine akkurate Trächtigkeitsdiagnose ist transrektal ab dem 20. und transkutan ab dem 50.–60. (von links) bzw. ab dem 90. Trächtigkeitstag (von rechts) möglich. Die Ultrasonographie eignet sich zudem zur Untersuchung des nichttragenden Uterus und der Ovarien. Basierend auf einer 5-jährigen Praxis in Beständen mit domestizierten Neuweltkameliden werden die Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung dieser Tiere beschrieben, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf der ultrasonographischen Untersuchung der Genitalorgane liegt.

Summary

The number of New World camelids in Germany is increasing. Owners and breeders are usually well educated regarding their animals. For practitioners, this means being up-to-date with respect to their veterinary knowledge. This includes the physiology and pathology of reproduction. Specifics of reproduction in domesticated New World camelids are an induced ovulation, the absence of cyclic sexual activity, a relatively long gestation of 336–349 days and a predominantly left-horn gestation. Ultrasonography plays an important role as part of the gynecological examination. Generally, the ultrasonographic examination can be performed transrectally and transcutaneously in the left or right flanks. Transrectal ultrasonography has to be carried out with particular caution to avoid rectal injuries. An accurate pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal scanning is possible starting from day 20 of pregnancy; using transcutaneous scanning, diagnosis is accurate starting on days 50–60 (left flank) or from day 90 (right flank) of pregnancy, respectively. Ultrasonography is also appropriate to examine the nongravid uterus and the ovaries. Based on 5 years of experience working with farmed New World camelids, the article describes the physiology and pathology of reproduction in domesticated New World camelids. Particular consideration is given to the ultrasonographical examination of the genital organs.

Schlüsselwörter

Lama - Alpaka - Fortpflanzung - gynäkologische Untersuchung - Ultrasonographie

Key words

Llama - alpaca - reproduction - gynaecological examination - ultrasonography

^* Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. H. Bostedt zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.

• Literatur

• 1 Aba MA, Forsberg M, Kindahl H, Sumar J, Edquist LE. Endocrine changes after mating in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas and alpacas. Acta Vet Scand 1995; 36: 489-498.
• 2 Abrahamsen EJ. Chemical restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia for camelids. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25: 455-494.
• 3 Adam CL, Moir CE, Shiach P. Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama glama). Vet Rec 1989; 125: 618-620.
• 4 Adams GP, Griffin PG, Ginther OJ. In situ morphologic dynamics of ovaries, uterus, and cervix in llamas. Biol Reprod 1989; 41: 551-558.
• 5 Adams GP, Sumar J, Ginther OJ. Effects of lactational and reproductive status on ovarian follicular waves in llamas. J Reprod Fertil 1990; 90: 535-545.
• 6 Adams GP, Sumar J, Ginther OJ. Form and function of the corpus luteum in llamas. Anim Reprod Sci 1991; 24: 127-138.
• 7 Adams GP, Sumar J, Ginther OJ. Hemorrhagic ovarian follicles in llamas. Theriogenology 1991; 35: 557-568.
• 8 Adams GP, Ratto MH, Huanca W, Singh J. Ovulation-Inducing Factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas and llamas. Biol Reprod 2005; 73: 452-457.
• 9 Adams GP. Theriogenology in Llamas and Alpacas. 2007; 7: 10 www.larounds.ca/crus/117-067%20English.pdf
• 10 Anon. Pressemitteilung Nr. 39 2013; (zitiert vom 29.01.13): 1 www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/2013/039-Zahl-der-Woche.html
• 11 Bourke DA, Adam CL, Kyle CE. Ultrasonography as an aid to controlled breeding in the llama (Lama glama). Vet Rec 1992; 130: 424-428.
• 12 Bravo PW, Sumar J. Laparoscopic examination of the ovarian activity in alpacas. Anim Reprod Sci 1989; 21: 271-281.
• 13 Bravo PW, Fowler ME, Stabenfeldt GH, Lasley BL. Ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama. Biol Reprod 1990; 43: 579-585.
• 14 Bravo PW, Stabenfeldt GH, Lasley BL, Fowler ME. The effect of ovarian follicle size on pituitary and ovarian responses to copulation in domesticated South American camelids. Biol Reprod 1991; 45: 553-559.
• 15 Bravo PW, Varela MH. Prenatal development of the alpaca (Lama pacos). Anim Reprod Sci 1993; 32: 245-252.
• 16 Bravo PW, Stabenfeldt GH, Fowler ME, Lasley BL. Ovarian and endocrine patterns associated with reproductive abnormalities in llamas and alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202: 268-272.
• 17 Bravo PW, Fowler ME, Lasley BL. The postpartum llama: fertility after parturition. Biol Reprod 1994; 51: 1084-1087.
• 18 Bravo PW, Lasley BL, Fowler ME. Resumption of ovarian follicular activity and uterine involution in the postpartum llama. Theriogenology 1995; 44: 783-791.
• 19 Bravo PW, Stewart DR, Lasley BL, Fowler ME. Hormonal indicators of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 2027-2030.
• 20 Bravo PW, Maytag MM, Cesar A, Ordonez A. Growth of the conceptus in alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 1508-1511.
• 21 Bravo PW, Diaz D, Alarcon V, Ordonez C. Effect of the reproductive state of female alpacas on embryonic mortality rate. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71: 1096-1099.
• 22 Bright E, Oelke M, Tubaro A, Abrams P. Ultrasound estimated bladder weight and measurement of bladder wall thickness – useful noninvasive methods for assessing the lower urinary tract?. J Urol 2010; 184: 1847-1854.
• 23 Chaves MG, Aba M, Agüero A, Egey J, Berestin V, Rutter B. Ovarian follicular wave pattern and the effect of exogenous progesterone on follicular activity in non-mated llamas. Anim Reprod Sci 2002; 69: 37-46.
• 24 Davis GH, Dodds KG, Moore GH, Bruce GD. Seasonal effects on gestation length and birth weight in alpacas. Anim Reprod Sci 1997; 46: 297-303.
• 25 Del Campo MR, Del Campo CH, Adams GP, Mapletoft RJ. The application of new reproductive technologies to South American camelids. Theriogenology 1995; 43: 21-30.
• 26 Del Campo MR, Del Campo CH, Ginther OJ. Vascular provisions for a local utero-ovarian cross-over pathway in New World camelids. Theriogenology 1996; 46: 963-991.
• 27 Diaz OS, Smith G, Reef VB. Ultrasonographic appearance of the lower urinary tract in fifteen normal horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007; 48: 560-564.
• 28 Duncanson GR. Medicine and surgery of the urino-genital system. In: Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas. 1st edn.. Duncanson GR. ed. Oxfordshire: CABI; 2012: 135-136.
• 29 Fernandez-Baca S, Madden DHL, Novoa C. Effect of different mating stimuli on induction of ovulation in the alpaca. J Reprod Fertil 1970; 22: 261-267.
• 30 Fernandez-Baca S, Hansel W, Novoa C. Embryonic mortality in the alpaca. Biol Reprod 1970; 3: 243-251.
• 31 Fernandez-Baca S, Hansel W, Novoa C. Corpus luteum function in the alpaca. Biol Reprod 1970; 3: 252-261.
• 32 Fernandez-Baca S, Hansel W, Saatman R, Sumar J, Novoa C. Differential luteolytic effects of right and left uterine horns in the alpaca. Biol Reprod 1979; 20: 586-595.
• 33 Fowler ME, Bravo PW. Reproduction. In: Medicine and Surgery of Camelids. 3rd edn.. Fowler ME. ed. Iowa State University Press; 2010: 440-455.
• 34 Gazitúa F, Corradini P, Ferrando G, Raggi LA, Parraguez V. Prediction of gestational age by ultrasonic fetometry in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Anim Reprod Sci 2001; 66: 81-92.
• 35 Haibel GK, Fung ED. Real-time ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurement for the prediction of gestational age in llamas. Theriogenology 1991; 35: 683-687.
• 36 Hoque M, Somvanshi R, Singh GR, Mogha IV. Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary bladder in normal, fern fed and enzootic bovine haematuria-affected cattle. J Vet Med A 2002; 49: 403-407.
• 37 Iason G, Elston D, Sim D. Ultrasonic scanning for determination of stage pregnancy in the llama (Lama glama): a critical comparison of calibration techniques. J Agric Sci 1993; 371-377.
• 38 Johnson LW. Llama reproduction. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1989; 5: 159-182.
• 39 Kershaw-Young CM, Druart X, Vaughan J, Maxwell WM. ß-Nerve growth factor is a major component of alpaca seminal plasma and induces ovulation in female alpacas. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24: 1093-1097.
• 40 Knauf S, Schwalm A, Wehrend A. Fortpflanzungsphysiologie domestizierter Neuweltkameliden. Tierärztl Prax 2008; 36 (G) 313-318.
• 41 Knight TW, Ridland M, Scott I, Death AF, Wyeth TK. Foetal mortality at different stages of gestation in alpacas (Lama pacos) and the associated changes in progesterone concentrations. Anim Reprod Sci 1995; 40: 89-97.
• 42 Parraguez VH, Cortéz S, Gazitúa FJ, Ferrando G, MacNiven V, Raggi LA. Early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) by ultrasound. Anim Reprod Sci 1997; 47: 113-121.
• 43 Picha Y, Tibary A, Memon M, Kasimanickam R, Sumar J. Chronology of early embryonic development and embryo uterine migration in alpacas. Theriogenology 2013; 79: 702-708.
• 44 Ratto M, Huanca W, Singh J, Adams GP. Comparison of the effect of natural mating, LH, and GnRH on interval to ovulation and luteal function in llamas. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 91: 299-306.
• 45 Ratto MH, Leduc YA, Valderram XP, Van Straaten KE, Delbaere LTJ, Pierson RA, Adams GP. The nerve of ovulation-inducing factor in semen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012; 109: 15042-15047 http://www.pnas.org/content/109/37/15042.long
• 46 Reyna J. A practical guide to exploration and visualisation of ovarian structures in alpacas by transrectal ultrasound. 2008 http://www.alpacareproduction.com
• 47 San-Martin M, Copaira M, Zuniga J, Rodreguez R, Bustinza G, Acosta L. Aspects of reproduction in the alpaca. J Reprod Fertil 1968; 16: 395-399.
• 48 Sumar J, Novoa C, Fernandez-Baca S. Fisiologia reproductiva post-partum en la alpaca. Rev Inv Pec 1972; 1: 21-27.
• 49 Sumar J. Studies on reproductive pathology in alpacas. MS Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Science; 1983
• 50 Sumar J. Removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1988; 83: 133-141.
• 51 Sumar J, Fredriksson G, Alarcon V, Kindahl H, Edquist LE. Levels of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF₂ progesterone and oestradiol-17 after induced ovulations in llamas and alpacas. Acta Vet Scand 1988; 29: 339-346.
• 52 Sumar J, Bravo PW, Foote WC. Sexual receptivity and time of ovulation in alpacas. Small Rumin Res 1993; 11: 143-150.
• 53 Sumar J, Adams GP. Reproductive anatomy and life cycle of the male and female llama and alpaca. In: Large Animal Theriogenology. 2nd edn.. Youngquist R, Threlfall WR. eds. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: 855-865.
• 54 Tibary A, Memon MA. Reproductive physiology in the female South American camelidae. J Camel Pract Res 1999; 6: 217-233.
• 55 Tibary A, Anouassi A, Memon MA. Approach to diagnosis of infertility in camelids: Retrospective study in alpaca, lamas and camels. J Camel Pract Res 2001; 8: 167-179.
• 56 Tibary A, Anouassi A. Uterine infections in Camelidae. 2001 http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000030/article.pdf
• 57 Vaughan JL, Macmillian KL, Anderson GA, D’Occhio MJ. Effects of mating behavior and the ovarian follicular state of female alpacas on conception. Aust Vet J 2003; 81: 86-90.
• 58 Vaughan JL, Macmillan KL, D’Occhio MJ. Ovarian follicular wave characteristics in alpacas. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 80: 353-361.
• 59 Vaughan JL, Tibary A. Reproduction in female South American camelids: A review and clinical observations. Small Rumin Res 2006; 61: 259-281.
• 60 Vock S. Tiere in Therapie und Pädagogik – Überblick über den Einsatz im deutschsprachigen Raum. Diplomarbeit, Universität Wien; 2008
• 61 Volkery J, Wittek T, Sobiraj A, Gottschalk J, Einspanier A. Trächtigkeitsdiagnostik beim Alpaka mittels Bestimmung von Progesteron und Pregnanediol-Glucuronid in Speichel, Milch und Urin. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 2010; 123: 500-505.
• 62 Youngquist RS. Pregnancy diagnosis. In: Large Animal Theriogenology. 2nd edn.. Youngquist R, Threlfall WR. eds. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: 294-303.