Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 2001; 85(06): 1060-1065
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1615964
Review Article
Schattauer GmbH

The Role of Factor XI in Thrombin Generation Induced by Low Concentrations of Tissue Factor

Irene M. L. W. Keularts
1   Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
Ariella Zivelin
2   Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Hematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
,
Uri Seligsohn
2   Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Hematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
,
H. Coenraad Hemker
1   Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
Suzette Béguin
1   Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received 07 February 2000

Accepted after revision 06 February 2001

Publication Date:
12 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Thrombin generation has been studied in the plasma of severely factor XI deficient patients under conditions in which contact activation did not play a role. In platelet-rich as well as platelet-poor plasma, thrombin generation was dependent upon the presence of factor XI at tissue factor concentrations of between 1 and 20 pg/ml i.e. ~ 0.01 to 0.20% of the concentration normally present in the thromboplastin time determination. The requirement for factor XI is low; significant thrombin generation was seen at 1% factor XI; at 10%, thrombin formation was nearly normalised. A suspension of normal platelets in severely factor XI deficient plasma did not increase thrombin generation. This implies that there is no significant factor XI activity carried by normal platelets, although the presence of factor XI and factor XI inhibitors in platelets cannot be ruled out.

Key words

Factor XI - thrombin generation - platelet procoagulant activity - tissue factor
 

  • References

  • 1 Movat HZ, Ozge-Anwar AH. The contact phase of blood coagulation: Clotting factors XI and XII, their isolation and interaction. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 84: 861-78.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Heck LW, Kaplan AP. Substrates of Hageman factor. I. Isolation and characterization of human factor XI (PTA) and inhibition of the activated enzyme by alpha 1-antitrypsin. J Exp Med 1974; 140 (Suppl. 06) 1615-30.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Kurachi K, Davie EW. Activation of human factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). Biochemistry 1977; 16 (Suppl. 26) 5831-9.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bouma BN, Griffin JH. Human blood coagulation factor XI. Purification, properties, and mechanism of activation by activated factor XII. J Biol Chem 1977; 252 (Suppl. 18) 6432-7.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Thompson RE, Mandle Jr R, Kaplan AP. Association of factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1977; 60 (Suppl. 06) 1376-80.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hemker HC, Esnouf MP, Hemker PW, Swart AC, Macfarlane RG. Formation of prothrombin converting activity. Nature 1967; 215 (Suppl. 98) 248-51.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Schmaier AH, Silverberg M, Kaplan AP, Colman RW. Contact activation and its abnormalities. In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW. eds. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.; 1987: 18-38.
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Josso F, Prou-Wartelle O. Interaction of tissue factor and factor VII at the earliest phase of coagulation. Thromb Diath Haemorr 1965; Suppl (Suppl. 17) 35-44.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Osterud B, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor IX by the reaction product of tissue factor and factor VII: additional pathway for initiating blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74 (Suppl. 12) 5260-4.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Zur M, Nemerson Y. Kinetics of factor IX activation via the extrinsic pathway. Dependence of Km on tissue factor. J Biol Chem 1980; 255 (Suppl. 12) 5703-7.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Rapaport SI, Proctor RR, Patch MJ, Yettra M. The mode of inheritance of PTA deficiency: Evidence for the existence of major PTA deficiency and minor PTA deficiency. Blood 1961; 18: 149-165.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bolton-Maggs PH, Young Wan-Yin B, McCraw AH, Slack J, Kernoff PB. Inheritance and bleeding in factor XI deficiency. Br J Haematol 1988; 69 (Suppl. 04) 521-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Seligsohn U. Factor XI deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70 (Suppl. 01) 68-71.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Naito K, Fujikawa K. Activation of human blood coagulation factor XI independent of factor XII. Factor XI is activated by thrombin and factor XIa in the presence of negatively charged surfaces. J Biol Chem 1991; 266 (Suppl. 12) 7353-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Gailani D, Broze Jr GJ. Factor XI activation in a revised model of blood coagulation. Science 1991; 253 5022 909-12.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 von dem Borne PA, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Feedback activation of factor XI by thrombin in plasma results in additional formation of thrombin that protects fibrin clots from fibrinolysis. Blood 1995; 86 (Suppl. 08) 3035-42.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 von dem Borne PA, Bajzar L, Meijers JC, Nesheim ME, Bouma BN. Thrombin-mediated activation of factor XI results in a thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis. J Clin Invest 1997; 99 (Suppl. 10) 2323-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Cawthern K, van ’t Veer C, Lock JB, DiLorenzo ME, Branda RF, Mann KG. Blood coagulation in hemophilia A and hemophilia C. Blood 1998; 91 (Suppl. 12) 4581-92.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hendrix H, Lindhout T, Mertens K, Engels W, Hemker HC. Activation of human prothrombin by stoichiometric levels of staphylocoagulase. J Biol Chem 1983; 258 (Suppl. 06) 3637-44.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Rosing J, Tans G, Govers-Riemslag JW, Zwaal RF, Hemker HC. The role of phospholipids and factor Va in the prothrombinase complex. J Biol Chem 1980; 255 (Suppl. 01) 274-83.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Dors DM, Nuijens JH, Huijbregts CC, Hack CE. A novel sensitive assay for functional factor XII based on the generation of kallikrein-C1-inhibitor complexes in factor XII-deficient plasma by glass-bound factor XII. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67 (Suppl. 06) 644-8.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Asakai R, Chung DW, Davie EW, Seligsohn U. Factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews in Israel. N Engl J Med 1991; 325 (Suppl. 03) 153-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Heemskerk JW, Vis P, Feijge MA, Hoyland J, Mason WT, Sage SO. Roles of phospholipase C and Ca(2+)-ATPase in calcium responses of single, fibrinogen-bound platelets. J Biol Chem 1993; 268 (Suppl. 01) 356-63.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Hemker HC, Willems GM, Beguin S. A computer assisted method to obtain the prothrombin activation velocity in whole plasma independent of thrombin decay processes. Thromb Haemost 1986; 56 (Suppl. 01) 9-17.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kawabata S, Morita T, Iwanaga S, Igarashi H. Staphylocoagulase-binding region in human prothrombin. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1985; 97 (Suppl. 01) 325-31.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Walsh PN, Baglia FA, Jameson BA. Factor XI and platelets: activation and regulation. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70 (Suppl. 01) 75-9.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Schiffman S, Rimon A, Rapaport SI. Factor XI and platelets: Evidence that platelets contain only minimal factor XI activity and antigen. Br J Haematol 1977; 35: 429-36.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Soons H, Janssen-Claessen T, Hemker HC, Tans G. The effect of platelets in the activation of human blood coagulation factor IX by factor XIa. Blood 1986; 68 (Suppl. 01) 140-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Van Nostrand WE, Schmaier AH, Farrow JS, Cunningham DD. Protease nexin-II (amyloid beta-protein precursor): a platelet alpha-granule protein. Science 1990; 248 4956 745-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Bush AI, Martins RN, Rumble B, Moir R, Fuller S, Milward E. et al. The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer‘s disease is released by human platelets. J Biol Chem 1990; 265 (Suppl. 26) 15977-83.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Scott CF, Schapira M, James HL, Cohen AB, Colman RW. Inactivation of factor XIa by plasma protease inhibitors: predominant role of alpha 1-pro-tease inhibitor and protective effect of high molecular weight kininogen. J Clin Invest 1982; 69 (Suppl. 04) 844-52.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Cronlund AL, Walsh PN. A low molecular weight platelet inhibitor of factor XIa: purification, characterization, and possible role in blood coagulation. Biochemistry 1992; 31 (Suppl. 06) 1685-94.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Oliver JA, Monroe DM, Roberts HR, Hoffman M. Thrombin activates factor XI on activated platelets in the absence of factor XII. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19 (Suppl. 01) 170-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar