Download PDF
J Reconstr Microsurg 2018; 34(02): 077-086
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606536
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Application of Indocyanine Green in Flap Surgery: A Systematic Review

Ke Li   *
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Zheng Zhang   *
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Fabio Nicoli   *
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
2   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
3   Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Unit, Villa Salaria Clinic, Rome, Italy
4   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
,
Christopher D'Ambrosia   *
4   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
5   School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
,
Wenjing Xi
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Davide Lazzeri
3   Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Unit, Villa Salaria Clinic, Rome, Italy
,
Shaoqing Feng
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Weijie Su
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Hua Li
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Pedro Ciudad
4   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
,
Mathias Tremp
6   Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
,
Yi Xin Zhang
1   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

12 December 2016

31 July 2017

Publication Date:
09 October 2017 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background The vascularization of the distal portions of transferred tissue represents the most critical factor in the success of reconstructive surgery. In recent years, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging techniques have been applied during surgery to evaluate flap perfusion. However, this investigation has found that there is little consensus regarding the standard dose of ICG as well as the pre-operative requirements of ICG allergy testing. The aim of this study is to summarize the applications of ICG to tissue transfers and safe dosing practices and to provide insight to the possible adverse effects of ICG on flap surgery with the goal of helping clinicians apply ICG safely and efficiently to tissue transfer procedures.

Methods A literature search was performed using, Wiley InterScience, and Springer with the key words, ‘Flap,’ ‘indocyanine green,’ ‘surgery,’ and related mesh words for all publications between 2005 and 2015. Title and abstract screening was performed using predefined in- and exclusion criteria.

Results Seventy-three articles were included. These were classified as “application of ICG in flap surgery” and “the security of applying ICG in flap surgery”.

Conclusions ICG fluorescence imaging preoperatively facilitates the detection of perforators in tissue flaps with thickness <20 mm, aids in the evaluation of flap microcirculation and perfusion, and allows surgeons to select dominant cutaneous nerves while evaluating the quality of vascular anastomoses and locating thromboses. The literature also concluded that potential allergic reactions to ICG should be taken into consideration.

Keywords

indocyanine green - fluorescence imaging - flap surgery

* These authors contributed equally to this work.


 

  • References

  • 1 Liu DZ, Mathes DW, Zenn MR, Neligan PC. The application of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in plastic surgery. J Reconstr Microsurg 2011; 27 (06) 355-364
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Dorfman D, Pu LL. The value of color duplex imaging for planning and performing a free anterolateral thigh perforator flap. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72 (Suppl 1): S6 –S8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Mast BA. Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography for visualization of lower extremity arteries. Ann Plast Surg 2001; 46 (03) 261-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Suffee T, Pigneur F, Rahmouni A, Bosc R. Best choice of perforator vessel in autologous breast reconstruction: virtual reality navigation vs radiologist analysis. A prospective study. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2015; 49 (06) 333-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Su Z, Ye P, Teng Y, Zhang L, Shu X. Adverse reaction in patients with drug allergy history after simultaneous intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 28 (04) 410-413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Yamamichi T, Oue T, Yonekura T. , et al. Clinical application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent imaging of hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50 (05) 833-836
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Mothes H, Dönicke T, Friedel R, Simon M, Markgraf E, Bach O. Indocyanine-green fluorescence video angiography used clinically to evaluate tissue perfusion in microsurgery. J Trauma 2004; 57 (05) 1018-1024
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Azuma R, Morimoto Y, Masumoto K. , et al. Detection of skin perforators by indocyanine green fluorescence nearly infrared angiography. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122 (04) 1062-1067
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Matsui A, Lee BT, Winer JH, Laurence RG, Frangioni JV. Quantitative assessment of perfusion and vascular compromise in perforator flaps using a near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (02) 451-460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Buehrer G, Taeger CD, Ludolph I, Horch RE, Beier JP. Intraoperative flap design using ICG monitoring of a conjoined fabricated anterolateral thigh/tensor fasciae latae perforator flap in a case of extensive soft tissue reconstruction at the lower extremity. Microsurgery 2016; 36 (08) 684-688
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Pallotta OJ, van Zanten M, McEwen M, Burrow L, Beesley J, Piller N. Development and validation of a custom made indocyanine green fluorescence lymphatic vessel imager. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20 (06) 066003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hagopian TM, Ghareeb PA, Arslanian BH, Moosavi BL, Carlson GW. Breast necrosis secondary to vasopressor extravasation: management using indocyanine green angiography and omental flap closure. Breast J 2015; 21 (02) 185-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Ayhan S, Oktar SO, Tuncer S, Yucel C, Kandal S, Demirtas Y. Correlation between vessel diameters of superficial and deep inferior epigastric systems: Doppler ultrasound assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62 (09) 1140-1147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Imai R, Matsumura H, Tanaka K, Uchida R, Watanabe K. Comparison of Doppler sonography and multidetector-row computed tomography in the imaging findings of the deep inferior epigastric perforator artery. Ann Plast Surg 2008; 61 (01) 94-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Klasson S, Svensson H, Malm K, Wassélius J, Velander P. Preoperative CT angiography versus Doppler ultrasound mapping of abdominal perforator in DIEP breast reconstructions: a randomized prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68 (06) 782-786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Onoda S, Azumi S, Hasegawa K, Kimata Y. Preoperative identification of perforator vessels by combining MDCT, Doppler flowmetry, and ICG fluorescent angiography. Microsurgery 2013; 33 (04) 265-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Pestana IA, Zenn MR. Correlation between abdominal perforator vessels identified with preoperative CT angiography and intraoperative fluorescent angiography in the microsurgical breast reconstruction patient. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72 (06) S144-S149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Ghali S, Butler PE, Tepper OM, Gurtner GC. Vascular delay revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 (06) 1735-1744
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Christensen JM, Baumann DP, Myers JN, Buretta K, Sacks JM. Indocyanine green near-infrared laser angiography predicts timing for the division of a forehead flap. Eplasty 2012; 12: e41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lee LN, Smith DF, Boahene KD, Byrne PJ. Intraoperative laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging for objective measurement of the vascular delay technique in locoregional head and neck flaps. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (05) 343-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Murono S, Ishikawa N, Ohtake H. , et al. Intraoperative free jejunum flap monitoring with indocyanine green near-infrared angiography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271 (05) 1335-1338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Holm C, Mayr M, Höfter E, Dornseifer U, Ninkovic M. Assessment of the patency of microvascular anastomoses using microscope-integrated near-infrared angiography: a preliminary study. Microsurgery 2009; 29 (07) 509-514
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Holzbach T, Artunian N, Spanholtz TA, Volkmer E, Engelhardt TO, Giunta RE. [Microscope-integrated intraoperative indocyanine green angiography in plastic surgery]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2012; 44 (02) 84-88
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Nasser A, Fourman MS, Gersch RP. , et al. Utilizing indocyanine green dye angiography to detect simulated flap venous congestion in a novel experimental rat model. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31 (08) 590-596
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Douglas HE, Wilkinson MJ, Mackay IR. Effects of perforator number and location on the total pedicle flow and perfusion of zone IV skin and fat of DIEP flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67 (02) 212-218
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Woodard CR, Most SP. Intraoperative angiography using laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging to map perfusion of forehead flaps. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2012; 14 (04) 263-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Valerio I, Green III JM, Sacks JM, Thomas S, Sabino J, Acarturk TO. Vascularized osseous flaps and assessing their bipartate perfusion pattern via intraoperative fluorescence angiography. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31 (01) 45-53
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Munabi NC, Olorunnipa OB, Goltsman D, Rohde CH, Ascherman JA. The ability of intra-operative perfusion mapping with laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography to predict mastectomy flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: a prospective trial. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67 (04) 449-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Moyer HR, Losken A. Predicting mastectomy skin flap necrosis with indocyanine green angiography: the gray area defined. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (05) 1043-1048
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Duggal CS, Madni T, Losken A. An outcome analysis of intraoperative angiography for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34 (01) 61-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lohman RF, Ozturk CN, Ozturk C, Jayaprakash V, Djohan R. An analysis of current techniques used for intraoperative flap evaluation. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 75 (06) 679-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Wyles CC, Taunton MJ, Jacobson SR, Tran NV, Sierra RJ, Trousdale RT. Intraoperative angiography provides objective assessment of skin perfusion in complex knee reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473 (01) 82-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Furukawa H, Hayashi T, Oyama A. , et al. Effectiveness of intraoperative indocyanine-green fluorescence angiography during inguinal lymph node dissection for skin cancer to prevent postoperative wound dehiscence. Surg Today 2015; 45 (08) 973-978
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Soeda S. Reinnervation of denervated Pacinian corpuscles: ultrastructural observations in rats following free nerve grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 92 (04) 728-735
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Tanaka K, Okazaki M, Yano T, Miyashita H, Homma T, Tomita M. Quantitative evaluation of blood perfusion to nerves included in the anterolateral thigh flap using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography: a different contrast pattern between the vastus lateralis motor nerve and femoral cutaneous nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31 (03) 163-170
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Khouri RK, Cooley BC, Kunselman AR. , et al. A prospective study of microvascular free-flap surgery and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (03) 711-721
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Bui DT, Cordeiro PG, Hu QY, Disa JJ, Pusic A, Mehrara BJ. Free flap reexploration: indications, treatment, and outcomes in 1193 free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 (07) 2092-2100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Chen KT, Mardini S, Chuang DC. , et al. Timing of presentation of the first signs of vascular compromise dictates the salvage outcome of free flap transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120 (01) 187-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Holm C, Dornseifer U, Sturtz G, Ninkovic M. Sensitivity and specificity of ICG angiography in free flap reexploration. J Reconstr Microsurg 2010; 26 (05) 311-316
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Buchanan IB, Campbell BT, Peck MD, Cairns BA. Chest wall necrosis and death secondary to hydrochloric acid infusion for metabolic alkalosis. South Med J 2005; 98 (08) 822-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Krishnan KG, Schackert G, Steinmeier R. Near-infrared angiography and prediction of postoperative complications in various types of integumentary flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114 (05) 1361-1362
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Mihara M, Hara H, Araki J, Narushima M, Iida T, Koshima I. Treatment of hand lymphedema with free flap transfer and lymphangiogenesis analysis after hand replantation using indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography and histological analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (11) e338-e340
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kuriyama M. , et al. Comparison of vascularized supraclavicular lymph node transfer and lymphaticovenular anastomosis for advanced stage lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 74 (05) 573-579
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Green III JM, Thomas S, Sabino J. , et al. Use of intraoperative fluorescent angiography to assess and optimize free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 71 (08) 1439-1449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Mešić H, Kirkebøen KA, Bains R. The importance of a skin bridge in peripheral tissue perfusion in perforator flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (03) 428e-434e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Betz CS, Zhorzel S, Schachenmayr H. , et al. Endoscopic assessment of free flap perfusion in the upper aerodigestive tract using indocyanine green: a pilot study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (05) 667-674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Piwkowski C, Gabryel P, Gąsiorowskia Ł. , et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence in the assessment of the quality of the pedicled intercostal muscle flap: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 44 (01) e77-e81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Losken A, Zenn MR, Hammel JA, Walsh MW, Carlson GW. Assessment of zonal perfusion using intraoperative angiography during abdominal flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (04) 618e-624e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Lee BT, Matsui A, Hutteman M. , et al. Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging in perforator flap reconstruction: current research and early clinical experience. J Reconstr Microsurg 2010; 26 (01) 59-65
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Nagata T, Masumoto K, Uchiyama Y. , et al. Improved technique for evaluating oral free flaps by pinprick testing assisted by indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence angiography. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42 (07) 1112-1116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Holm C, Tegeler J, Mayr M, Becker A, Pfeiffer UJ, Mühlbauer W. Monitoring free flaps using laser-induced fluorescence of indocyanine green: a preliminary experience. Microsurgery 2002; 22 (07) 278-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Sood M, Glat P. Potential of the SPY intraoperative perfusion assessment system to reduce ischemic complications in immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Ann Surg Innov Res 2013; 7 (01) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Perry D, Bharara M, Armstrong DG, Mills J. Intraoperative fluorescence vascular angiography: during tibial bypass. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6 (01) 204-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Sacks JM, Nguyen AT, Broyles JM, Yu P, Valerio IL, Baumann DP. Near-infrared laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging for optimizing the design of the anterolateral thigh flap. Eplasty 2012; 12: e30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Wu C, Kim S, Halvorson EG. Laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography: a critical appraisal. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 70 (05) 613-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Ayestaray B, Andreoletti JB. Microscope-integrated indocyanine green videoangiography for deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (04) 583-585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Misaki N, Chang SS, Igai H, Tarumi S, Gotoh M, Yokomise H. New clinically applicable method for visualizing adjacent lung segments using an infrared thoracoscopy system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140 (04) 752-756
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Hope-Ross M, Yannuzzi LA, Gragoudas ES. , et al. Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (03) 529-533
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Yano T, Okazaki M, Tanaka K, Tsunoda A, Aoyagi M, Kishimoto S. Use of intraoperative fluorescent indocyanine green angiography for real-time vascular evaluation of pericranial flaps. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76 (02) 198-204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Taylor SR, Jorgensen JB. Use of fluorescent angiography to assess donor site perfusion prior to free tissue transfer. Laryngoscope 2015; 125 (06) E192-E197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Surowitz JB, Most SP. Use of laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography for early division of the forehead flap pedicle. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (03) 209-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Mihara M, Tange S, Hara H, Han Peng Z, Haragi M, Muarai N. Modified lymph vessel flap transplantation for the treatment of refractory lymphedema: a case report. Microsurgery 2016; 36 (08) 695-699
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Kuriyama M, Yano A, Yoshida Y. , et al. Reconstruction using a divided latissimus dorsi muscle flap after conventional posterolateral thoracotomy and the effectiveness of indocyanine green-fluorescence angiography to assess intraoperative blood flow. Surg Today 2016; 46 (03) 326-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Hayashi A, Yoshizawa H, Tanaka R, Natori Y, Arakawa A, Mizuno H. Intraoperative use of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography during distally based radial artery perforator flap for squamous cell carcinoma of the thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2015; 3 (02) e310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Casey III WJ, Connolly KA, Nanda A, Rebecca AM, Perdikis G, Smith AA. Indocyanine green laser angiography improves deep inferior epigastric perforator flap outcomes following abdominal suction lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135 (03) 491e-497e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Royer E, Rausky J, Binder JP, May P, Virzi D, Revol M. [Intraoperative verification of a perforator flap vascularization by indocyanine green angiography]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2014; 59 (01) 70-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Patel KM, Lin CY, Cheng MH. From theory to evidence: long-term evaluation of the mechanism of action and flap integration of distal vascularized lymph node transfers. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31 (01) 26-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kijima Y, Yoshinaka H, Hirata M. , et al. Oncoplastic surgery combining partial mastectomy and immediate volume replacement using a thoracodorsal adipofascial cutaneous flap with a crescent-shaped dermis. Surg Today 2014; 44 (11) 2098-2105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kanuri A, Liu AS, Guo L. Whom should we SPY? A cost analysis of laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography in prevention of mastectomy skin flap necrosis during prosthesis-based breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133 (04) 448e-454e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Tanaka K, Okazaki M. Visualization of blood supply to the ‘vascularized nerve’ with anterolateral thigh flap using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (01) 146-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Iida T, Mihara M, Yoshimatsu H, Narushima M, Koshima I. Versatility of the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap in head and neck reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72 (03) 332-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Giesen T, Forster N, Künzi W, Giovanoli P, Calcagni M. Retrograde arterialized free venous flaps for the reconstruction of the hand: review of 14 cases. J Hand Surg Am 2014; 39 (03) 511-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Dayan JH, Dayan E, Smith ML. Reverse lymphatic mapping: a new technique for maximizing safety in vascularized lymph node transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135 (01) 277-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Juszczyk J. [Two cases of early allergic reactions following a 1-shot intravenous administration of indocyanine green (ICG) and bromsulfophthalein (BSP)]. Wiad Lek 1972; 25: 907-912
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Sinove Y, Kyriopoulos E, Ceulemans P, Houtmeyers P, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S. Preoperative planning of a pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap for penile reconstruction with the multidetector CT scan. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2013; 45 (04) 217-222
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Shah A, Au A. CASE REPORT laser-assisted indocyanine green evaluation of paramedian forehead flap perfusion prior to pedicle division. Eplasty 2013; 13: e8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Fujiwara M, Nagata T, Matsushita Y, Fukamizu H. Free hemiback flap with surgical delay for reconstruction of extensive soft tissue defect: a case report. Microsurgery 2013; 33 (02) 152-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Cheng MH, Chen SC, Henry SL, Tan BK, Lin MC, Huang JJ. Vascularized groin lymph node flap transfer for postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema: flap anatomy, recipient sites, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131 (06) 1286-1298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Phillips BT, Lanier ST, Conkling N. , et al. Intraoperative perfusion techniques can accurately predict mastectomy skin flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: results of a prospective trial. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (05) 778e-788e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Okazaki M, Tanaka K, Kodaira S, Homma T, Miyashita H. One-stage transfer of 2 paddles of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap with 1 pair of vascular anastomoses for Barraquer-Simons syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2012; 23 (03) 883-885
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Newman MI, Samson MC, Tamburrino JF, Swartz KA, Brunworth L. An investigation of the application of laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescent dye angiography in pedicle transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous breast reconstruction. Can J Plast Surg 2011; 19 (01) e1-e5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Quilichini J, Le Masurier P, Guihard T. [Increasing the reliability of SIEA flap using peroperative fluorescent angiography with indocyanine green in breast reconstruction]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2010; 55 (06) 531-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Mohebali J, Gottlieb LJ, Agarwal JP. Further validation for use of the retrograde limb of the internal mammary vein in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction using laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography. J Reconstr Microsurg 2010; 26 (02) 131-135
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Lee BT, Hutteman M, Gioux S. , et al. The FLARE intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: a first-in-human clinical trial in perforator flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126 (05) 1472-1481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Komorowska-Timek E, Gurtner GC. Intraoperative perfusion mapping with laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging can predict and prevent complications in immediate breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125 (04) 1065-1073
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Pestana IA, Coan B, Erdmann D, Marcus J, Levin LS, Zenn MR. Early experience with fluorescent angiography in free-tissue transfer reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123 (04) 1239-1244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Newman MI, Samson MC. The application of laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescent dye angiography in microsurgical breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2009; 25 (01) 21-26
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Suzuki A, Fujiwara M, Mizukami T, Fukamizu H. Delayed distally-based super sural flap: evaluation by indocyanine green fluorescence angiography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61 (04) 467-469
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Holm C, Mayr M, Höfter E, Raab N, Ninkovic M. Interindividual variability of the SIEA Angiosome: effects on operative strategies in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122 (06) 1612-1620
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Frenzel H, Wollenberg B, Steffen A, Nitsch SM. In vivo perfusion analysis of normal and dysplastic ears and its implication on total auricular reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61 (Suppl 1): S21-S28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Yamaguchi S, De Lorenzi F, Petit JY, Rietjens M, Garusi C, Giraldo A, Rey PC, Urban C, Martella S, Bosco R. The “perfusion map” of the unipedicled TRAM flap to reduce postoperative partial necrosis. Ann Plast Surg 2004; 53 (03) 205-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Holm C, Mayr M, Höfter E, Ninkovic M. Perfusion zones of the DIEP flap revisited: a clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (01) 37-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Holzbach T, Taskov C, Henke J. , et al. [Evaluation of perfusion in skin flaps by laser-induced indocyanine green fluorescence]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2005; 37 (06) 396-402
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Miyoshi N, Ohue M, Noura S. , et al. Surgical usefulness of indocyanine green as an alternative to India ink for endoscopic marking. Surg Endosc 2009; 23 (02) 347-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Litvack ZN, Zada G, Laws Jr ER. Indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy for visual differentiation of pituitary tumor from surrounding structures. J Neurosurg 2012; 116 (05) 935-941
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Sarkaria IS, Bains MS, Finley DJ. , et al. Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging as an adjunct to robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy. Innovations (Phila) 2014; 9 (05) 391-393
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Koshimune S, Shinaoka A, Ota T, Onoda S, Kimata Y. Laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography aids in the reconstruction of Gustilo grade IIIB open lower-limb fractures. J Reconstr Microsurg 2017; 33 (02) 143-150
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Proulx ST, Luciani P, Derzsi S. , et al. Quantitative imaging of lymphatic function with liposomal indocyanine green. Cancer Res 2010; 70 (18) 7053-7062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar