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DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606191
Post-Test Questions
Publication History
Publication Date:
11 September 2017 (online)
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Article 1 (225–232)
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A 9-month-old Caucasian female presents with a 3 × 4 cm bluish nodule with surface telangiectasia involving the left lateral cheek. The differential diagnosis includes deep infantile hemangioma and congenital hemangioma, which you intend to distinguish based on clinical history; however, a reliable history cannot be obtained. Which of the following would be most likely to differentiate between these two entities?
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Appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.
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Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) staining.
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Persistence of the lesion.
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D2–40 staining.
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Which of the following is/are considered a capillary malformation?
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Spider angioma.
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Nevus simplex (salmon patch).
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Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain).
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All of the above.
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A 27-year-old pregnant woman develops a subcentimeter pedunculated mass on the oral mucosa, which is suspected to be pyogenic granuloma. How is this entity classified according to the most current ISSVA classification system?
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Provisionally unclassified vascular anomaly.
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Simple capillary malformation.
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Combined vascular malformation.
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Benign vascular tumor.
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Borderline/locally destructive vascular tumor.
Article 2 (233–238)
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Which vascular anomaly clearly implies increased PI3K/AKT signal transduction?
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Arteriovenous malformation.
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Capillary malformation.
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Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma.
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Pyogenic granuloma.
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Venous malformation.
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In which inherited vascular anomaly a somatic second hit has NOT been demonstrated?
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CCM.
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CM-AVM.
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GVM.
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HHT.
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VMCM.
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Which vascular anomaly has NOT been shown to be associated with a somatic mutation?
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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.
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CM.
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Infantile hemangioma.
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LM.
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VM.
Article 3 (239–249)
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Which vascular tumor is considered locally aggressive?
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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.
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Infantile hemangioma.
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Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma.
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Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma.
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Pyogenic granuloma.
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Systemic sirolimus has been shown to be beneficial in which of the following disorders?
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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.
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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.
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Lymphatic malformation.
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PTEN hamartoma syndromes.
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All of the above.
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Which of the following is an important component of a vascular anomalies center?
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Multidisciplinary team of providers.
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Collaboration between specialties and other institutions.
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Support services (physical therapy, genetic counseling, etc.).
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Advocacy and education.
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All of the above are important.
Article 4 (250–257)
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Which of the following hereditary AVMs has associated cutaneous vascular malformations?
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CM-AVM.
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HHT.
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PTHS.
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All of the above.
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None of the above.
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Which of the following hereditary AVM syndromes has been found to be responsive to pharmacotherapy?
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HHT.
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CM-AVM.
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PTHS.
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HHT and CM-AVM.
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HHT and PTHS.
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Visceral AVMs are associated with which of the following three hereditary AVMs?
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HHT.
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CM-AVM.
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PTHS.
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All of the above.
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HHT and CM-AVM.
Article 5 (258–271)
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What is the most important noninvasive imaging modality when first evaluating patients with arteriovenous malformations?
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MRI.
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CTA.
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Doppler ultrasound.
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PET scan.
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Which is the best embolic agent to treat arteriovenous malformations?
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Coils.
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Ethanol.
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Glue.
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Onyx.
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Which of these lesions will be treated with a mechanical agent (coils or plugs)?
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Yakes type I.
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Yakes type IV.
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Cho type III A.
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Yakes type II/Cho type IIIb.
Article 6 (272–279)
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Among those patients treated for intraosseous arteriovenous malformations (AVMs),
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Pure intraosseous AVMs are more common than mixed AVMs of soft-tissue and intraosseous AVMs.
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Surgical resection is the primary mode of therapy for intraosseous AVMs.
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When intraosseous AVMs are associated with soft-tissue AVMs, we should try to treat intraosseous AVMs first.
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Pain and pulsating mass are unique clinical manifestation of intraosseous AVMs.
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Among imaging findings of intraosseous AVMs,
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Osteolytic lesion with typical periosteal reaction is one of the common findings of simple radiography.
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For evaluation of the cortical changes by intraosseous AVMs, CT is better than MRI.
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MR image cannot distinguish between high-flow and low-flow vascular malformations.
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Type I intraosseous AVMs by angiographic classification are common intraosseous AVMs.
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In the current endovascular treatment of intraosseous AVMs,
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Ethanol, coils, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate are essential therapeutic tools for the management of intraosseous AVMs.
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For type II intraosseous AVMs, transarterial approach is the best therapeutic access for the malformation.
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For type III intraosseous AVMs, transvenous embolotherapy shows good treatment results.
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Skin necrosis and peripheral nerve injury are rare complications of ethanol embolotherapy.
Article 7 (280–287)
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Which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence is most helpful when planning cryoablation treatment for vascular anomalies?
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T1-weighted without fat suppression.
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T1-weighted with gadolinium.
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T2-weighted with fat suppression.
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Dynamic MR angiography.
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Patients with vascular anomalies considered less suitable for cryoablation have all the following except:
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Malformation involving major nerves.
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Nonfocal areas of pain.
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Significant muscle contracture.
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Juxta-articular location of the lesion.
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During cryoablsation the critical temperature required for cell death is between
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−10 and 20°C.
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−20 and 40°C.
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−40 and 60°C.
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−60 and 80°C.
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The mechanism of ice ball formation in cryoablation is primarily:
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Electrical.
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Mechanical.
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Electromechanical.
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Which particular complication associated with cryoablation is most concerning?
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Skin necrosis.
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Vascular injury.
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Cryoshock.
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Nerve injury.
Article 8 (288–293)
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Which sclerosant is the most effective with lowest recurrence rate for the treatment of venous malformation?
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Ethanol.
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Sodium tetradecyl sulfate.
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Bleomycin A5.
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Sodium morrhuate.
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Ethanolamine oleate.
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Which statement is false regarding diffuse venous malformations?
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They are low-flow malformations.
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They tend to grow with age and may become symptomatic later.
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Sclerotherapy is considered curative.
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Often, multiple sessions are required to treat the lesion.
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Which of the following is considered the current acceptable indication for the treatment of venous malformation with sclerotherapy?
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Treat asymptomatic lesions to prevent future growth.
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Treat the symptomatic lesions and aim for symptom relief.
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Treat the lesion until it shows considerable volume reduction on MRI.
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Treat the lesion until it shows considerable volume reduction on angiography.
Article 9 (294–300)
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What is the best imaging method of the abnormal pulmonary lymphatic flow?
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Pedal lymphangiography.
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Lymphoscintigraphy.
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Intranodal lymphangiography.
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Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR lymphangiography (DCMRL).
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What is PLPS?
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Pulmonary lymphatic perfusion syndrome.
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Pulmonary lipid perfusion syndrome.
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Peripheral lymphatic perfusion sign.
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Prostate lymphatic percolation system.
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What part of the body generates most of the lymph?
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Lower extremities
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Chest.
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Abdomen.
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Upper extremities.
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