Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 38(02): 191-200
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602244
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Predictors of Maternal Mortality and Prognostic Models in Obstetric Patients

Andrew Levinson
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
,
Jezid Miranda
2   Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, IDIBAPS, Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (BCNatal), Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
,
Jose Antonio Rojas-Suarez
3   Intensive Care in Obstetric Research Group (GRICIO), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
22 May 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The use of predictive models has been proposed as a potential tool to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality, by aiding in the timely identification of potential high-risk patients. Prognostic models in critical care have been used to characterize the severity of illness of specific diseases. Physiological changes in pregnancy may result in general critical illness prediction models overestimating mortality in obstetric patients. Models that specifically reflect the unique characteristics of obstetric patients may have better prognostic value. Recently developed tools have focused on identifying at-risk patients before they require intensive care unit (ICU) admission to target early interventions and prevent acute clinical decompensation. The aim of the newest scoring systems, specifically designed for groups of obstetric patients receiving non-ICU care, is to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality by identifying early high-risk patients and initiating prompt effective medical responses.

Keywords

critical care - maternal mortality - pregnancy - prognosis - scoring systems
 

  • References

  • 1 GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388 (10053): 1775-1812
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A. , et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2 (06) e323-e333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Clark SL, Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Herbst MA, Meyers JA, Hankins GD. Maternal death in the 21st century: causes, prevention, and relationship to cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199 (01) 36.e1-36.e5 , discussion 91–92, e7–e11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D. , et al; United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group collaborators and technical advisory group. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. Lancet 2016; 387 (10017): 462-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 MacDorman MF, Declercq E, Cabral H, Morton C. Recent increases in the U.S. maternal mortality rate: disentangling trends from measurement issues. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128 (03) 447-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Callaghan WM, Creanga AA, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy-related mortality resulting from influenza in the United States during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126 (03) 486-490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Souza JP, Tunçalp Ö, Vogel JP. , et al. Obstetric transition: the pathway towards ending preventable maternal deaths. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 1-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Lyons G. Saving mothers' lives: confidential enquiry into maternal and child health 2003-5. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17 (02) 103-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Edwards SE, Grobman WA, Lappen JR. , et al. Modified obstetric early warning scoring systems (MOEWS): validating the diagnostic performance for severe sepsis in women with chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212 (04) 536.e1-536.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Shields LE, Wiesner S, Klein C, Pelletreau B, Hedriana HL. Use of Maternal Early Warning Trigger tool reduces maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214 (04) 527.e1-527.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hedriana HL, Wiesner S, Downs BG, Pelletreau B, Shields LE. Baseline assessment of a hospital-specific early warning trigger system for reducing maternal morbidity. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 132 (03) 337-341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bick DE, Sandall J, Furuta M. , et al; Modified Obstetric Early Warning Systems (Mobs) Research Group. A national cross sectional survey of heads of midwifery services of uptake, benefits and barriers to use of obstetric early warning systems (EWS) by midwives. Midwifery 2014; 30 (11) 1140-1146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Austin DM, Sadler L, McLintock C. , et al. Early detection of severe maternal morbidity: a retrospective assessment of the role of an Early Warning Score System. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 54 (02) 152-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G. , et al. Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011; 118 (Suppl. 01) 1-203
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Pollock WE, Harley NS, Nelson SM. Maternal severity of illness across levels of care: a prospective, cross-sectional study. Aust Crit Care 2011; 24 (04) 218-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Cheng C, Raman S. Intensive care use by critically ill obstetric patients: a five-year review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12 (02) 89-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Intarut N. , et al; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. Indirect causes of severe adverse maternal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 32-39
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Gilbert TT, Smulian JC, Martin AA, Ananth CV, Scorza W, Scardella AT. ; Critical Care Obstetric Team. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit: outcomes and severity of illness. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102 (5, Pt 1): 897-903
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hazelgrove JF, Price C, Pappachan VJ, Smith GB. Multicenter study of obstetric admissions to 14 intensive care units in southern England. Crit Care Med 2001; 29 (04) 770-775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Keizer JL, Zwart JJ, Meerman RH, Harinck BI, Feuth HD, van Roosmalen J. Obstetric intensive care admissions: a 12-year review in a tertiary care centre. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 128 (1-2): 152-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lapinsky SE, Kruczynski K, Seaward GR, Farine D, Grossman RF. Critical care management of the obstetric patient. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44 (03) 325-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Panchal S, Arria AM, Harris AP. Intensive care utilization during hospital admission for delivery: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in a statewide population. Anesthesiology 2000; 92 (06) 1537-1544
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Sriram S, Robertson MS. Critically ill obstetric patients in Australia: a retrospective audit of 8 years' experience in a tertiary intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc 2008; 10 (02) 124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Zwart JJ, Dupuis JR, Richters A, Ory F, van Roosmalen J. Obstetric intensive care unit admission: a 2-year nationwide population-based cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36 (02) 256-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Chantry AA, Deneux-Tharaux C, Bonnet MP, Bouvier-Colle MH. Pregnancy-related ICU admissions in France: trends in rate and severity, 2006-2009. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (01) 78-86
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Demirkiran O, Dikmen Y, Utku T, Urkmez S. Critically ill obstetric patients in the intensive care unit. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12 (04) 266-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Karnad DR, Lapsia V, Krishnan A, Salvi VS. Prognostic factors in obstetric patients admitted to an Indian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (06) 1294-1299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Oliveira Neto AF, Parpinelli MA, Cecatti JG, Souza JP, Sousa MH. Factors associated with maternal death in women admitted to an intensive care unit with severe maternal morbidity. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105 (03) 252-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Vasquez DN, Estenssoro E, Canales HS. , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients requiring ICU admission. Chest 2007; 131 (03) 718-724
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Bhadade R, De' Souza R, More A, Harde M. Maternal outcomes in critically ill obstetrics patients: a unique challenge. Indian J Crit Care Med 2012; 16 (01) 8-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Hasbún H J, Sepúlveda-Martínez A, Cornejo R R, Romero P C. [Intensive care admissions due to severe maternal morbidity]. Rev Med Chil 2013; 141 (12) 1512-1519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Rojas-Suarez J, Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Miranda J, Mendoza R, Dueñas-Castel C, Bourjeily G. Comparison of severity-of-illness scores in critically ill obstetric patients: a 6-year retrospective cohort. Crit Care Med 2014; 42 (05) 1047-1054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Vasquez DN, Das Neves AV, Vidal L. , et al; ProPOC Study Group. Characteristics, outcomes, and predictability of critically ill obstetric patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (09) 1887-1897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Rios FG, Risso-Vázquez A, Alvarez J. , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119 (02) 136-140
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (01) 5-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Ko JY. , et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where are we now?. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2014; 23 (01) 3-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Sultan AA, West J, Grainge MJ. , et al. Development and validation of risk prediction model for venous thromboembolism in postpartum women: multinational cohort study. BMJ 2016; 355: i6253
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson WS, Tugwell P. ; Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. JAMA 1994; 272 (03) 234-237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Gordis L. Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Steyerberg EW, Moons KG, van der Windt DA. , et al; PROGRESS Group. Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 3: prognostic model research. PLoS Med 2013; 10 (02) e1001381
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Keegan MT, Gajic O, Afessa B. Severity of illness scoring systems in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2011; 39 (01) 163-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Steyerberg EW. Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating. New York, NY: Springer; 2009
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Teres D, Lemeshow S. Why severity models should be used with caution. Crit Care Clin 1994; 10 (01) 93-110 , discussion 111–115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Justice AC, Covinsky KE, Berlin JA. Assessing the generalizability of prognostic information. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130 (06) 515-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Vincent JL, Moreno R. Clinical review: scoring systems in the critically ill. Crit Care 2010; 14 (02) 207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, Ferrara LC. Therapeutic intervention scoring system: a method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 1974; 2 (02) 57-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993; 270 (24) 2957-2963
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Lemeshow S, Teres D, Klar J, Avrunin JS, Gehlbach SH, Rapoport J. Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA 1993; 270 (20) 2478-2486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Moreno RP, Metnitz PG, Almeida E. , et al; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3--From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 (10) 1345-1355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Knaus W, Wagner D. APACHE III study design: analytic plan for evaluation of severity and outcome in intensive care unit patients. Individual patient decisions. Crit Care Med 1989; 17 (12, Pt 2): S204-S209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Metnitz PG, Moreno RP, Almeida E. , et al; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3--From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: Objectives, methods and cohort description. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 (10) 1336-1344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Higgins TL, Teres D, Copes WS, Nathanson BH, Stark M, Kramer AA. Assessing contemporary intensive care unit outcome: an updated Mortality Probability Admission Model (MPM0-III). Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (03) 827-835
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Teres D, Lemeshow S. When to customize a severity model. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25 (02) 140-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA. , et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1991; 100 (06) 1619-1636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Wright L, Alzola C, Knaus WA. Evaluation of Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation III predictions of hospital mortality in an independent database. Crit Care Med 1998; 26 (08) 1317-1326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, Draper EA. Variations in mortality and length of stay in intensive care units. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118 (10) 753-761
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (05) 1297-1310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM, Shaffer VL. Intensive care unit length of stay: benchmarking based on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (10) 2517-2529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Vincent JL, Bruzzi de Carvalho F. Severity of illness. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31 (01) 31-38
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13 (10) 818-829
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Lawrence DE. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med 1981; 9 (08) 591-597
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Aldawood A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients: a ten-year review. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31 (05) 518-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Lewinsohn G, Herman A, Leonov Y, Klinowski E. Critically ill obstetrical patients: outcome and predictability. Crit Care Med 1994; 22 (09) 1412-1414
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Stevens TA, Carroll MA, Promecene PA, Seibel M, Monga M. Utility of Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) score in maternal admissions to the intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194 (05) e13 –e15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Rojas-Suarez JA, Dueñas-Castel C, Miranda-Quintero JE, Bourjeily G. Mortality risk prediction with an updated Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score in critically ill obstetric patients: a cohort study. J Intensive Care Med 2015; 30 (02) 97-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Ryan HM, Sharma S, Magee LA. , et al. The usefulness of the APACHE II score in obstetric critical care: a structured review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2016; 38 (10) 909-918
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Le Gall JR, Loirat P, Alperovitch A. , et al. A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1984; 12 (11) 975-977
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 el-Solh AA, Grant BJ. A comparison of severity of illness scoring systems for critically ill obstetric patients. Chest 1996; 110 (05) 1299-1304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Lapinsky SE, Hallett D, Collop N. , et al. Evaluation of standard and modified severity of illness scores in the obstetric patient. J Crit Care 2011; 26 (05) 535.e1-535.e7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lemeshow S, Teres D, Pastides H, Avrunin JS, Steingrub JS. A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively derived weights. Crit Care Med 1985; 13 (07) 519-525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Bhagwanjee S, Paruk F, Moodley J, Muckart DJ. Intensive care unit morbidity and mortality from eclampsia: an evaluation of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the Glasgow Coma Scale score. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (01) 120-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, Bernard GR, Sprung CL, Sibbald WJ. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995; 23 (10) 1638-1652
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S. , et al; ICU Scoring Group. The Logistic Organ Dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. JAMA 1996; 276 (10) 802-810
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Vincent JL, de Mendonça A, Cantraine F. , et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on “sepsis-related problems” of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1998; 26 (11) 1793-1800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J. , et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22 (07) 707-710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Cecatti JG, Souza JP, Oliveira Neto AF. , et al. Pre-validation of the WHO organ dysfunction based criteria for identification of maternal near miss. Reprod Health 2011; 8: 22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Witteveen T, de Koning I, Bezstarosti H, van den Akker T, van Roosmalen J, Bloemenkamp KW. Validating the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool in a high-income country. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95 (01) 106-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Carle C, Alexander P, Columb M, Johal J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia 2013; 68 (04) 354-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Singh A. Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India. PeerJ 2016; 4: e2675
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Singh S, McGlennan A, England A, Simons R. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended Modified Early Obstetric Warning System (MEOWS). Anaesthesia 2012; 67 (01) 12-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Lewis Ge. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer - 2003–2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. England: CEMACH; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 82 Paternina-Caicedo A, Miranda J, Bourjeily G. , et al. Performance of the Obstetric Early Warning Score in critically ill patients for the prediction of maternal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216 (01) 58.e1-58.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 von Dadelszen P, Payne B, Li J. , et al; PIERS Study Group. Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in pre-eclampsia: development and validation of the fullPIERS model. Lancet 2011; 377 (9761): 219-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Payne B, Magee LA, Côté AM. , et al. PIERS proteinuria: relationship with adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33 (06) 588-597
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Akkermans J, Payne B, von Dadelszen P. , et al. Predicting complications in pre-eclampsia: external validation of the fullPIERS model using the PETRA trial dataset. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 179: 58-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Payne BA, Hutcheon JA, Ansermino JM. , et al; miniPIERS Study Working Group. A risk prediction model for the assessment and triage of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in low-resourced settings: the miniPIERS (Pre-eclampsia Integrated Estimate of RiSk) multi-country prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2014; 11 (01) e1001589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Albright CM, Ali TN, Lopes V, Rouse DJ, Anderson BL. The Sepsis in Obstetrics Score: a model to identify risk of morbidity from sepsis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211 (01) 39.e1-39.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Aarvold AB, Ryan HM, Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Fjell C, Walley KR. Multiple organ dysfunction score is superior to the obstetric-specific sepsis in obstetrics score in predicting mortality in septic obstetric patients. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) e49-e57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Filippi V, Chou D, Ronsmans C, Graham W, Say L. Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. In: Black RE, Laxminarayan R, Temmerman M, Walker N. , eds. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, 3rd ed., Vol 2. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 2016
    Google Scholar
  • 90 Goffman D, Nathan L, Chazotte C. Obstetric hemorrhage: a global review. Semin Perinatol 2016; 40 (02) 96-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Mavrides E, Allard S, Chandraharan E. , et al. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2016; 124: e106-e149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Terry D, Bove JJ, Tloczkowski J. Shock index in diagnosing early acute hypovolemia. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23 (03) 323-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Rady MY, Rivers EP, Martin GB, Smithline H, Appelton T, Nowak RM. Continuous central venous oximetry and shock index in the emergency department: use in the evaluation of clinical shock. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10 (06) 538-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Tourtier JP, Jost D, Domanski L. Shock index: a simple clinical parameter for mortality risk assessment in trauma?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73 (03) 780-781 , author reply 781
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Van Deusen SK, Tloczkowski J. The ability of traditional vital signs and shock index to identify ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189 (05) 1293-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 El Ayadi AM, Nathan HL, Seed PT. , et al. Vital sign prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in women with hypovolemic shock: the role of shock index. PLoS One 2016; 11 (02) e0148729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Liu YC, Liu JH, Fang ZA. , et al. Modified shock index and mortality rate of emergency patients. World J Emerg Med 2012; 3 (02) 114-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Nathan HL, El Ayadi A, Hezelgrave NL. , et al. Shock index: an effective predictor of outcome in postpartum haemorrhage?. BJOG 2015; 122 (02) 268-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Le Bas A, Chandraharan E, Addei A, Arulkumaran S. Use of the “obstetric shock index” as an adjunct in identifying significant blood loss in patients with massive postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 124 (03) 253-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Skupski DW, Lowenwirt IP, Weinbaum FI, Brodsky D, Danek M, Eglinton GS. Improving hospital systems for the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (05) 977-983
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Gosman GG, Baldisseri MR, Stein KL. , et al. Introduction of an obstetric-specific medical emergency team for obstetric crises: implementation and experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (04) 367.e1-367.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Baek MS, Son J, Huh JW. , et al. Medical emergency team may reduce obstetric intensive care unit admissions. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43 (01) 106-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Thakur M, Gonik B, Gill N, Awonuga AO, Rocha FG, Gonzalez JM. Intensive care admissions in pregnancy: analysis of a level of support scoring system. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20 (01) 106-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Mahutte NG, Le Q, Solomon J, Benjamin A, Boyd ME. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 263-266
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Bhagwanjee S, Paruk FJ, Moodley J, Muckart DJ. Intensive care unit morbidity and mortality from eclampsia: an evaluation of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the Glasgow Coma Scale score. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 120-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Afessa B, Green B, Koch K. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure, and outcome in critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU. Chest 2001; 120: 1271-1277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Munnur U, Karnad DR, Bandi VDP. , et al. Critically ill obstetric patients in an American and an Indian public hospital: comparison of case-mix, organ dysfunction, intensive care requirements, and outcomes. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 1087-1094
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Harrison DA, D'Amico G, Singer M. Case mix, outcome, and activity for admissions to UK critical care units with severe acute pancreatitis: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 2007; 11 (Suppl 1): S1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Mjahed K, Hamoudi D, Salmi S, Barrou L. Obstetric patients in a surgical intensive care unit: prognostic factors and outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 26: 418-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Aldawood A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients: a ten-year review. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31: 518-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Wang Y-Q, Ge Q-G, Wang J, Niu J-H, Huang C, Zhao Y-Y. The WHO near miss criteria are appropriate for admission of critically ill pregnant women to intensive care units in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013; 126: 895-898
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Crozier TM, Wallace EM. Obstetric admissions to an integrated general intensive care unit in a quaternary maternity facility. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 51: 233-238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar