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Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32(06): 671-682
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1596046
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Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Facial Adipose Tissue: A Revision

Ilja Kruglikov
1   Scientific Department, Wellcomet GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
,
Oscar Trujillo
2   Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
,
Quick Kristen
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Kerelos Isac
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Julia Zorko
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Maria Fam
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Kasie Okonkwo
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Asima Mian
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Hyunh Thanh
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
,
Konstantin Koban
4   Department of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
,
Anthony P. Sclafani
2   Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
,
Hanno Steinke
5   Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
,
Sebastian Cotofana
3   Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, West Indies
6   Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg and Nuremberg, Salzburg, Austria
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
29 December 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Recent advantages in the anatomical understanding of the face have turned the focus toward the subcutaneous and deep facial fat compartments. During facial aging, these fat-filled compartments undergo substantial changes along with other structures in the face. Soft tissue filler and fat grafting are valid methods to fight the signs of facial aging, but little is known about their precise effect on the facial fat. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge about the facial fat compartments in terms of anatomical location, histologic appearance, immune-histochemical characteristics, cellular interactions, and therapeutic options. Three different types of facial adipose tissue can be identified, which are located either superficially (dermal white adipose tissue) or deep (subcutaneous white adipose tissue): fibrous (perioral locations), structural (major parts of the midface), and deposit (buccal fat pad and deep temporal fat pad). These various fat types differ in the size of the adipocytes and the collagenous composition of their extracellular matrix and thus in their mechanical properties. Minimal invasive (e.g., soft tissue fillers or fat grafting) and surgical interventions aiming to restore the youthful face have to account for the different fat properties in various facial areas. However, little is known about the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the facial fat tissue in different compartments and future studies are needed to reveal new insights to better understand the process of aging and how to fight its signs best.

Keywords

facial fat - fat compartments - dermal adipose tissue - subcutaneous adipose tissue
 

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