PDF herunterladen
Am J Perinatol 2016; 33(13): 1291-1299
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1586504
Original Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Windows of Opportunity for Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Suzanne Phelan
1   Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

18. März 2016

18. Juni 2016

Publikationsdatum:
03. August 2016 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked with several acute maternal health risks and long-term development of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Intrauterine exposure to GDM similarly increases offspring risk of early-life health complications and later disease. GDM recurrence is common, affecting 40 to 73% of women, and augments associated maternal/fetal/child health risks. Modifiable and independent risk factors for GDM include maternal excessive gestational weight gain and prepregnancy overweight and obesity. Lifestyle interventions that target diet, activity, and behavioral strategies can effectively modify body weight. Randomized clinical trials testing the effects of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy to reduce excessive gestational weight gain have generally shown mixed effects on reducing GDM incidence. Trials testing the effects of postpartum lifestyle interventions among women with a history of GDM have shown reduced incidence of diabetes and improved cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, the long-term effects of interpregnancy or prepregnancy lifestyle interventions on subsequent GDM remain unknown. Future adequately powered and well-controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the effects of lifestyle interventions to prevent GDM and identify pathways to effectively reach reproductive-aged women across all levels of society, before, during, and after pregnancy.

Keywords

lifestyle intervention - gestational diabetes mellitus - postpartum - preconception - inter-pregnancy
 

  • References

  • 1 Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M , et al; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35 (3) 526-528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (23) 1749-1756
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Kim C. Gestational diabetes: risks, management, and treatment options. Int J Womens Health 2010; 2: 339-351
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Beharier O, Shoham-Vardi I, Pariente G , et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for long-term maternal renal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100 (4) 1412-1416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Vohr BR, Boney CM. Gestational diabetes: the forerunner for the development of maternal and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome?. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21 (3) 149-157
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Kaaja R, Rönnemaa T. Gestational diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences to mother and offspring. Rev Diabet Stud 2008; 5 (4) 194-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Linné Y, Barkeling B, Rössner S. Natural course of gestational diabetes mellitus: long term follow up of women in the SPAWN study. BJOG 2002; 109 (11) 1227-1231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 O' Sullivean JB. Subsequent morbidity among gestational diabetic women. In: Sutherland HW, Stowers JM, ed. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1984: 174-180
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Meigs JB, Larson MG, D'Agostino RB , et al. Coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: the Framingham offspring study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (8) 1313-1319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Gunderson EP, Chiang V, Pletcher MJ , et al. History of gestational diabetes mellitus and future risk of atherosclerosis in mid-life: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3 (2) e000490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Conway DL, Langer O. Effects of new criteria for type 2 diabetes on the rate of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181 (3) 610-614
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Ferrara A, Peng T, Kim C. Trends in postpartum diabetes screening and subsequent diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus: A report from the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (2) 269-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Schaefer-Graf UM, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL. Clinical predictors for a high risk for the development of diabetes mellitus in the early puerperium in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186 (4) 751-756
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (10) 1862-1868
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373 (9677) 1773-1779
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Lauenborg J, Hansen T, Jensen DM , et al. Increasing incidence of diabetes after gestational diabetes: a long-term follow-up in a Danish population. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (5) 1194-1199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Grant PT, Oats JN, Beischer NA. The long-term follow-up of women with gestational diabetes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 26 (1) 17-22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Gaudier FL, Hauth JC, Poist M, Corbett D, Cliver SP. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80 (5) 755-758
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Wein P, Dong ZG, Beischer NA, Sheedy MT. Factors predictive of recurrent gestational diabetes diagnosed before 24 weeks' gestation. Am J Perinatol 1995; 12 (5) 352-356
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 McGuire V, Rauh MJ, Mueller BA, Hickock D. The risk of diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy associated with prior history of gestational diabetes or macrosomic infant. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1996; 10 (1) 64-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Moses RG. The recurrence rate of gestational diabetes in subsequent pregnancies. Diabetes Care 1996; 19 (12) 1348-1350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Spong CY, Guillermo L, Kuboshige J, Cabalum T. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: identification of risk factors. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15 (1) 29-33
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Major CA, deVeciana M, Weeks J, Morgan MA. Recurrence of gestational diabetes: who is at risk?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179 (4) 1038-1042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Foster-Powell KA, Cheung NW. Recurrence of gestational diabetes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 38 (4) 384-387
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton DC, Armson BA, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (4) 659-662
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Khambalia AZ, Ford JB, Nassar N, Shand AW, McElduff A, Roberts CL. Occurrence and recurrence of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabet Med 2013; 30 (4) 452-456
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Kim C, Berger DK, Chamany S. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (5) 1314-1319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Philipson EH, Super DM. Gestational diabetes mellitus: does it recur in subsequent pregnancy?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160 (6) 1324-1329 , discussion 1329–1331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Aloba OO, Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Mapayi BM. Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Nigerian university students. Sleep Med 2007; 8 (3) 266-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Beck SL, Schwartz AL, Towsley G, Dudley W, Barsevick A. Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 27 (2) 140-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Whiteman VE, Salemi JL, Mejia De Grubb MC , et al. Additive effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational diabetes on health outcomes and costs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23 (11) 2299-2308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus, March 4-6, 2013. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122 (2, Pt 1): 358-369
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Chen Y, Quick WW, Yang W , et al. Cost of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2007. Popul Health Manag 2009; 12 (3) 165-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Silverman BL, Rizzo TA, Cho NH, Metzger BE ; The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (Suppl. 02) B142-B149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dabelea D. The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl. 02) S169-S174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Barbour LA. Changing perspectives in pre-existing diabetes and obesity in pregnancy: maternal and infant short- and long-term outcomes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014; 21 (4) 257-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS ; Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (24) 2477-2486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Macintosh MC, Fleming KM, Bailey JA , et al. Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study. BMJ 2006; 333 (7560) 177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Pedersen J. Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1954; 16 (4) 330-342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Catalano PM, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB. Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189 (6) 1698-1704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Petitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC, Baird HR, Aleck KA. Gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Long-term effects on obesity and glucose tolerance in the offspring. Diabetes 1985; 34 (Suppl. 02) 119-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Philipps LH, Santhakumaran S, Gale C , et al. The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2011; 54 (8) 1957-1966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children. Diabetologia 1998; 41 (8) 904-910
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (5) 611-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Ahlsson F, Gustafsson J, Tuvemo T, Lundgren M. Females born large for gestational age have a doubled risk of giving birth to large for gestational age infants. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96 (3) 358-362
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 US Department of Health and Human Services. Steps to a Healthier US; Diabetes: A National Plan for Action. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Healthy People 2020. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2010/document/pdf/volume1/05diabetes.pdf?visit=1 . Accessed on April 15, 2016
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Wang P, Loftspring M, Sherman A. Metformin during pregnancy reduces insulin, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, weight, testosterone and development of gestational diabetes: prospective longitudinal assessment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome from preconception throughout pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2004; 19 (3) 510-521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Glueck CJ, Pranikoff J, Aregawi D, Wang P. Prevention of gestational diabetes by metformin plus diet in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008; 89 (3) 625-634
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr 2010; 103 (12) 1792-1799
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Santamaria A, Di Benedetto A, Petrella E , et al. Myo-inositol may prevent gestational diabetes onset in overweight women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29 (19) 3234-3237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 DʼAnna R, Di Benedetto A, Scilipoti A , et al. Myo-inositol Supplementation for Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in Obese Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126 (2) 310-315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Johansson K, Cnattingius S, Näslund I , et al. Outcomes of pregnancy after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2015; 372 (9) 814-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Nohira T, Kim S, Nakai H, Okabe K, Nohira T, Yoneyama K. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: rates and risk factors from initial GDM and one abnormal GTT value. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71 (1) 75-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Kaul P, Savu A, Nerenberg KA , et al. Interaction between maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term development of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a population-level analysis. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2013; 37 (4) S4
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA 2014; 311 (8) 806-814
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Heslehurst N, Ells LJ, Simpson H, Batterham A, Wilkinson J, Summerbell CD. Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36,821 women over a 15-year period. BJOG 2007; 114 (2) 187-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Kim SY, England L, Wilson HG, Bish C, Satten GA, Dietz P. Percentage of gestational diabetes mellitus attributable to overweight and obesity. Am J Public Health 2010; 100 (6) 1047-1052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Torloni MR, Betrán AP, Horta BL , et al. Prepregnancy BMI and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2009; 10 (2) 194-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Honein MA, Devine O, Sharma AJ , et al. Modeling the potential public health impact of prepregnancy obesity on adverse fetal and infant outcomes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21 (6) 1276-1283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Poston L, Harthoorn LF, Van Der Beek EM ; Contributors to the ILSI Europe Workshop. Obesity in pregnancy: implications for the mother and lifelong health of the child. A consensus statement. Pediatr Res 2011; 69 (2) 175-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Wahabi HA, Fayed AA, Alzeidan RA, Mandil AA. The independent effects of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes on the pregnancy outcomes. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14: 47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Brunner S, Stecher L, Ziebarth S , et al. Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2015; 58 (10) 2229-2237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE , et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (6) 393-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Wadden TA, Butryn ML. Behavioral treatment of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32 (4) 981-1003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Wing RR, Phelan S. Behavioral treatment of obesity: strategies to improve outcome and predictors of success. In: Eckel RH, ed. Obesity: An Academic Basis for Clinical Evaluation and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002: 415-435
    Google Scholar
  • 67 Phelan S, Jankovitz K, Hagobian T, Abrams B. Reducing excessive gestational weight gain: lessons from the weight control literature and avenues for future research. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2011; 7 (6) 641-661
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Dutton GR, Laitner MH, Perri MG. Lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular disease risk reduction: a systematic review of the effects of diet composition, food provision, and treatment modality on weight loss. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 16 (10) 442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Byrne KJ. Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control. Obes Res 2004; 12 (Suppl): 151S-162S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL , et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (6) 1374-1383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program: baseline characteristics of the randomized cohort. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (11) 1619-1629
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Wadden TA, Foster GD, Letizia KA. One-year behavioral treatment of obesity: comparison of moderate and severe caloric restriction and the effects of weight maintenance therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62 (1) 165-171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Look AHEAD Research Group. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22 (1) 5-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL , et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (2) 145-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Wing RR ; Look AHEAD Research Group. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170 (17) 1566-1575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL. Institute of Medicine (U.S.), National Research Council (U.S.) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Bish CL, D'Angelo D. Gestational weight gain by body mass index among US women delivering live births, 2004-2005: fueling future obesity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200 (3) 271.e1-271.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Zhou SJ, Yelland L, McPhee AJ, Quinlivan J, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy does not reduce the risk of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95 (6) 1378-1384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Han S, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 7 (7) CD009021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Tieu J, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2) CD006674
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Luoto R, Kinnunen TI, Aittasalo M , et al. Primary prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and large-for-gestational-age newborns by lifestyle counseling: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2011; 8 (5) e1001036
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Luoto RM, Kinnunen TI, Aittasalo M , et al. Prevention of gestational diabetes: design of a cluster-randomized controlled trial and one-year follow-up. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010; 10: 39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Stafne SN, Salvesen KA, Romundstad PR, Eggebø TM, Carlsen SM, Mørkved S. Regular exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119 (1) 29-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Callaway LK, Colditz PB, Byrne NM , et al; BAMBINO Group. Prevention of gestational diabetes: feasibility issues for an exercise intervention in obese pregnant women. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (7) 1457-1459
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Bain E, Crane M, Tieu J, Han S, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 4 (4) CD010443
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Halperin IJ, Feig DS. The role of lifestyle interventions in the prevention of gestational diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14 (1) 452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Skouteris H, Morris H, Nagle C, Nankervis A. Behavior modification techniques used to prevent gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14 (4) 480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Russo LM, Nobles C, Ertel KA, Chasan-Taber L, Whitcomb BW. Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (3) 576-582
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Koivusalo SB, Rönö K, Klemetti MM , et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus can be prevented by lifestyle intervention: the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (1) 24-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Rönö K, Stach-Lempinen B, Klemetti MM , et al; RADIEL group. Prevention of gestational diabetes through lifestyle intervention: study design and methods of a Finnish randomized controlled multicenter trial (RADIEL). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Nitert MD, Barrett HL, Foxcroft K , et al. SPRING: an RCT study of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13: 50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Crowther CA, Hague WM, Middleton PF , et al; IDEAL Study Group. The IDEAL study: investigation of dietary advice and lifestyle for women with borderline gestational diabetes: a randomised controlled trial - study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12: 106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Jelsma JG, van Poppel MN, Galjaard S , et al. DALI: Vitamin D and lifestyle intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention: an European multicentre, randomised trial - study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13: 142
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Albright CL , et al. A pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial of diabetes prevention strategies for women with gestational diabetes: design and rationale of the Gestational Diabetes' Effects on Moms (GEM) study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Chasan-Taber L, Marcus BH, Rosal MC , et al. Estudio Parto: postpartum diabetes prevention program for Hispanic women with abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial - study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Chasan-Taber L, Marcus BH, Stanek III E , et al. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal physical activity to prevent gestational diabetes: design and methods. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 18 (6) 851-859
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Albright CL , et al. A pregnancy and postpartum lifestyle intervention in women with gestational diabetes mellitus reduces diabetes risk factors: a feasibility randomized control trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (7) 1519-1525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Infanti JJ, Dunne FP, O'Dea A , et al. An evaluation of Croí MyAction community lifestyle modification programme compared to standard care to reduce progression to diabetes/pre-diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14: 121
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Rautio N, Jokelainen J, Korpi-Hyövälti E , et al. Lifestyle intervention in prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: one-year results of the FIN-D2D project. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2014; 23 (6) 506-512
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Hu G, Tian H, Zhang F , et al. Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Program: study design, methods, and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of lifestyle intervention program. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98 (3) 508-517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Shih ST, Davis-Lameloise N, Janus ED , et al; MAGDA Research Group. Mothers After Gestational Diabetes in Australia Diabetes Prevention Program (MAGDA-DPP) post-natal intervention: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14: 339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK , et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes 2002; 51 (9) 2796-2803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE , et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93 (12) 4774-4779
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Zeng YC, Li MJ, Chen Y , et al. The use of glyburide in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59 (1) 95-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Clark HD, van Walraven C, Code C, Karovitch A, Keely E. Did publication of a clinical practice guideline recommendation to screen for type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes change practice?. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (2) 265-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Clark HD, Graham ID, Karovitch A, Keely EJ. Do postal reminders increase postpartum screening of diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200 (6) 634.e1-634.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Ehrlich SF, Hedderson MM, Feng J, Davenport ER, Gunderson EP, Ferrara A. Change in body mass index between pregnancies and the risk of gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (6) 1323-1330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Pole JD, Dodds LA. Maternal outcomes associated with weight change between pregnancies. Can J Public Health 1999; 90 (4) 233-236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Lancet 2006; 368 (9542) 1164-1170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Glazer NL, Hendrickson AF, Schellenbaum GD, Mueller BA. Weight change and the risk of gestational diabetes in obese women. Epidemiology 2004; 15 (6) 733-737
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ , et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1997; 278 (13) 1078-1083
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Rudra CB, Sorensen TK, Leisenring WM, Dashow E, Williams MA. Weight characteristics and height in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165 (3) 302-308
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Hedderson MM, Williams MA, Holt VL, Weiss NS, Ferrara A. Body mass index and weight gain prior to pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (4) 409.e1-409.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Wittgrove AC, Jester L, Wittgrove P, Clark GW. Pregnancy following gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 1998; 8 (4) 461-464 , discussion 465–466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Ducarme G, Revaux A, Rodrigues A, Aissaoui F, Pharisien I, Uzan M. Obstetric outcome following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 98 (3) 244-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Birth outcomes in obese women after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106 (5, Pt 1): 965-972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Kral JG, Biron S, Simard S , et al. Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18 years. Pediatrics 2006; 118 (6) e1644-e1649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Bentley-Lewis R, Levkoff S, Stuebe A, Seely EW. Gestational diabetes mellitus: postpartum opportunities for the diagnosis and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4 (10) 552-558
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Nicklas JM, Zera CA, Seely EW, Abdul-Rahim ZS, Rudloff ND, Levkoff SE. Identifying postpartum intervention approaches to prevent type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11: 23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Dalfrà MG, Nicolucci A, Bisson T, Bonsembiante B, Lapolla A ; QLISG (Quality of Life Italian Study Group). Quality of life in pregnancy and post-partum: a study in diabetic patients. Qual Life Res 2012; 21 (2) 291-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Phelan S. Pregnancy: a “teachable moment” for weight control and obesity prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202 (2) 135.e1-135.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 McBride CM, Emmons KM, Lipkus IM. Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res 2003; 18 (2) 156-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Swan WE, Liaw ST, Dunning T, Pallant JF, Kilmartin G. Diabetes risk reduction behaviours of rural postpartum women with a recent history of gestational diabetes. Rural Remote Health 2010; 10 (4) 1461
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Dasgupta K, Da Costa D, Pillay S , et al. Strategies to optimize participation in diabetes prevention programs following gestational diabetes: a focus group study. PLoS ONE 2013; 8 (7) e67878
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Kieffer EC, Willis SK, Arellano N, Guzman R. Perspectives of pregnant and postpartum Latino women on diabetes, physical activity, and health. Health Educ Behav 2002; 29 (5) 542-556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Gipson JD, Santelli JS. Unplanned and assisted conception pregnancies. BMJ 2011; 343: d4996
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Zielinski R, Ackerson K, Misiunas RB, Miller JM. Feasibility of a longitudinal study of women anticipating first pregnancy and assessed by multiple pelvic exams: recruitment and retention challenges. Contemp Clin Trials 2010; 31 (6) 544-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Jack BW, Culpepper L, Babcock J, Kogan MD, Weismiller D. Addressing preconception risks identified at the time of a negative pregnancy test. A randomized trial. J Fam Pract 1998; 47 (1) 33-38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 de Jong-Potjer LC, Elsinga J, le Cessie S , et al. GP-initiated preconception counselling in a randomised controlled trial does not induce anxiety. BMC Fam Pract 2006; 7: 66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Elsinga J, van der Pal-de Bruin K, le Cessie S, de Jong-Potjer L, Verloove-Vanhorick S, Assendelft W. Preconception counselling initiated by general practitioners in the Netherlands: reaching couples contemplating pregnancy [ISRCTN53942912]. BMC Fam Pract 2006; 7: 41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Floyd RL, Sobell M, Velasquez MM , et al; Project CHOICES Efficacy Study Group. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2007; 32 (1) 1-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Lumley J, Donohue L. Aiming to increase birth weight: a randomised trial of pre-pregnancy information, advice and counselling in inner-urban Melbourne. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Velott DL, Baker SA, Hillemeier MM, Weisman CS. Participant recruitment to a randomized trial of a community-based behavioral intervention for pre- and interconceptional women findings from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study. Womens Health Issues 2008; 18 (3) 217-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Phelan S, Hagobian T, Brannen A, Stewart A, Schmid BA, Cedars L. Promoting weight loss before pregnancy: feasible or futile?. Calif J Health Prom 2013; 11: 86-92
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Lovelady CA, Garner KE, Moreno KL, Williams JP. The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (7) 449-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Leermakers EA, Anglin K, Wing RR. Reducing postpartum weight retention through a correspondence intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22 (11) 1103-1109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 O'Toole ML, Sawicki MA, Artal R. Structured diet and physical activity prevent postpartum weight retention. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2003; 12 (10) 991-998
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Kinnunen TI, Pasanen M, Aittasalo M, Fogelholm M, Weiderpass E, Luoto R. Reducing postpartum weight retention—a pilot trial in primary health care. Nutr J 2007; 6: 21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Phelan S, Brannen A, Erickson K , et al. ‘Fit Moms/Mamás Activas’ internet-based weight control program with group support to reduce postpartum weight retention in low-income women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16: 59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Tovar A, Chasan-Taber L, Eggleston E, Oken E. Postpartum screening for diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Prev Chronic Dis 2011; 8 (6) A124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl. 01) S88-S90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Wein R, Lee D. Race/ethnicity and other risk factors for gestational diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135 (9) 965-973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C , et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 62 (2) 131-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Anna V, van der Ploeg HP, Cheung NW, Huxley RR, Bauman AE. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (12) 2288-2293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Shyam S, Arshad F, Abdul Ghani R , et al. Low glycaemic index diets improve glucose tolerance and body weight in women with previous history of gestational diabetes: a six months randomized trial. Nutr J 2013; 12: 68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Wein P, Beischer N, Harris C, Permezel M. A trial of simple versus intensified dietary modification for prevention of progression to diabetes mellitus in women with impaired glucose tolerance. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39 (2) 162-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Reinhardt JA, van der Ploeg HP, Grzegrzulka R, Timperley JG. Implementing lifestyle change through phone-based motivational interviewing in rural-based women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Health Promot J Austr 2012; 23 (1) 5-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Cheung NW, Smith BJ, van der Ploeg HP, Cinnadaio N, Bauman A. A pilot structured behavioural intervention trial to increase physical activity among women with recent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 92 (1) e27-e29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Kim C, Draska M, Hess ML, Wilson EJ, Richardson CR. A web-based pedometer programme in women with a recent history of gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2012; 29 (2) 278-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 McIntyre HD, Peacock A, Miller YD, Koh D, Marshall AL. Pilot study of an individualised early postpartum intervention to increase physical activity in women with previous gestational diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 892019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar