Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1583543
B-Type Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides in the Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Units
Publication History
13 September 2015
11 November 2015
Publication Date:
04 May 2016 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00029029/201604/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0036-1583543_1620-1.jpg)
Abstract
During the last decade, interest in the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the pediatric population has progressively increased. The aim of this article is to provide an up to date review of evidences regarding the use of BNP/NT-proBNP in pediatrics, with a particular focus on neonatal intensive care and congenital heart disease. The potentialities of the BNP have been demonstrated in multiple settings, particularly: the screening of congenital/acquired heart disease (CHD) versus pulmonary disease; the evaluation of CHD severity (grade of heart failure, degree of left-to-right shunts); the management of children undergoing cardiac surgery; and monitoring premature infants with patent arterial duct. BNP/NT-proBNP values may be considered an easy and relatively low cost additional diagnostic and prognostic tool. Interpretation of BNP values in children requires attention to important factors, including: laboratory methods, the type of cardiac defect, its severity, and the presence of extracardiac conditions. Of these, the hemodynamic characteristic of CHD and physiologic variations of BNP values occurring during the first weeks of life play a major role. The current evidences in favor of BNP use are mainly derived from single-center, nonrandomized studies, and cost-effectiveness analysis are still lacking. As such, despite sufficient evidences supporting the diagnostic and prognostic potentialities of BNP, these findings should be reinforced by multicenter, randomized studies specifically designed to evaluate outcomes and cost-effectiveness. In addition, standard consensus documents/guidelines, that are currently lacking, are warranted for a more systematic use of BNP in the pediatric age.
-
References
- 1 Thygesen K, Mair J, Mueller C , et al; Study Group on Biomarkers in Cardiology of the ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care. Recommendations for the use of natriuretic peptides in acute cardiac care: a position statement from the Study Group on Biomarkers in Cardiology of the ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care. Eur Heart J 2012; 33 (16) 2001-2006
- 2 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B , et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (16) e147-e239
- 3 Cantinotti M, Giovannini S, Murzi B, Clerico A. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance of B-type natriuretic hormone and related peptides in children with congenital heart diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49 (4) 567-580
- 4 Cantinotti M, Walters HL, Crocetti M, Marotta M, Murzi B, Clerico A. BNP in children with congenital cardiac disease: is there now sufficient evidence for its routine use?. Cardiol Young 2015; 25 (3) 424-437
- 5 Eindhoven JA, van den Bosch AE, Jansen PR, Boersma E, Roos-Hesselink JW. The usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in complex congenital heart disease: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60 (21) 2140-2149
- 6 Cantinotti M, Law Y, Vittorini S , et al. The potential and limitations of plasma BNP measurement in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of children with heart failure due to congenital cardiac disease: an update. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19 (6) 727-742
- 7 Clerico A, Recchia FA, Passino C, Emdin M. Cardiac endocrine function is an essential component of the homeostatic regulation network: physiological and clinical implications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290 (1) H17-H29
- 8 Clerico A, Giannoni A, Vittorini S, Passino C. Thirty years of the heart as an endocrine organ: physiological role and clinical utility of cardiac natriuretic hormones. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301 (1) H12-H20
- 9 Goetze JP. Biochemistry of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-derived peptides: the endocrine heart revisited. Clin Chem 2004; 50 (9) 1503-1510
- 10 Jiang J, Wu S, Wang W , et al. Ectodomain shedding and autocleavage of the cardiac membrane protease corin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286 (12) 10066-10072
- 11 Knappe S, Wu F, Masikat MR, Morser J, Wu Q. Functional analysis of the transmembrane domain and activation cleavage of human corin: design and characterization of a soluble corin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278 (52) 52363-52370
- 12 Dong N, Chen S, Yang J , et al. Plasma soluble corin in patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3 (2) 207-211
- 13 Semenov AG, Seferian KR, Tamm NN , et al. Human pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is processed in the circulation in a rat model. Clin Chem 2011; 57 (6) 883-890
- 14 Clerico A. Pathophysiological and clinical relevance of circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones: are they merely markers of cardiac disease?. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40 (8) 752-760
- 15 Clerico A, Zucchelli GC, Pilo A, Emdin M. Clinical relevance of biological variation of B-type natriuretic peptide. Clin Chem 2005; 51 (5) 925-926
- 16 Clerico A, Carlo Zucchelli G, Pilo A, Passino C, Emdin M. Clinical relevance of biological variation: the lesson of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44 (4) 366-378
- 17 Clerico A, Fontana M, Ripoli A, Emdin M. Clinical relevance of BNP measurement in the follow-up of patients with chronic heart failure. Adv Clin Chem 2009; 48: 163-179
- 18 Januzzi JL, Troughton R. Are serial BNP measurements useful in heart failure management? Serial natriuretic peptide measurements are useful in heart failure management. Circulation 2013; 127 (4) 500-507 , discussion 508
- 19 Rawlins ML, Owen WE, Roberts WL. Performance characteristics of four automated natriuretic peptide assays. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123 (3) 439-445
- 20 Prontera C, Zaninotto M, Giovannini S , et al. Proficiency testing project for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal part of the propeptide of BNP (NT-proBNP) immunoassays: the CardioOrmocheck study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47 (6) 762-768
- 21 Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Prontera C , et al; Study Group on Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers of the Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry. State of the art of BNP and NT-proBNP immunoassays: the CardioOrmoCheck study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414: 112-119
- 22 Franzini M, Masotti S, Prontera C , et al. Systematic differences between BNP immunoassays: comparison of methods using standard protocols and quality control materials. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 424: 287-291
- 23 Luckenbill KN, Christenson RH, Jaffe AS , et al. Cross-reactivity of BNP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP in commercial BNP and NT-proBNP assays: preliminary observations from the IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage. Clin Chem 2008; 54 (3) 619-621
- 24 Sakata Y, Yamamoto K, Masuyama T , et al. Ventricular production of natriuretic peptides and ventricular structural remodeling in hypertensive heart failure. J Hypertens 2001; 19 (10) 1905-1912
- 25 Takahashi N, Saito Y, Kuwahara K , et al. Angiotensin II-induced ventricular hypertrophy and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation are suppressed in mice overexpressing brain natriuretic peptide in circulation. Hypertens Res 2003; 26 (10) 847-853
- 26 Walther T, Klostermann K, Heringer-Walther S, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C, Stepan H. Fibrosis rather than blood pressure determines cardiac BNP expression in mice. Regul Pept 2003; 116 (1–3) 95-100
- 27 Tóth M, Vuorinen KH, Vuolteenaho O , et al. Hypoxia stimulates release of ANP and BNP from perfused rat ventricular myocardium. Am J Physiol 1994; 266 (4 Pt 2): H1572-H1580
- 28 Baxter GF. Natriuretic peptides and myocardial ischaemia. Basic Res Cardiol 2004; 99 (2) 90-93
- 29 Jernberg T, James S, Lindahl B , et al. Natriuretic peptides in unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2004; 25 (17) 1486-1493
- 30 Goetze JP, Gore A, Møller CH, Steinbrüchel DA, Rehfeld JF, Nielsen LB. Acute myocardial hypoxia increases BNP gene expression. FASEB J 2004; 18 (15) 1928-1930
- 31 Casals G, Ros J, Sionis A, Davidson MM, Morales-Ruiz M, Jiménez W. Hypoxia induces B-type natriuretic peptide release in cell lines derived from human cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297 (2) H550-H555
- 32 Chun YS, Hyun JY, Kwak YG , et al. Hypoxic activation of the atrial natriuretic peptide gene promoter through direct and indirect actions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biochem J 2003; 370 (Pt 1): 149-157
- 33 Hammerer-Lercher A, Puschendorf B, Sommer R , et al. Natriuretic peptides correlate between newborn twins but not between twins and their mothers. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 377 (1–2) 279-280
- 34 Halse KG, Lindegaard ML, Goetze JP, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Nielsen LB. Increased plasma pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in infants of women with type 1 diabetes. Clin Chem 2005; 51 (12) 2296-2302
- 35 Nybo M, Nielsen LB, Nielsen SJ , et al. Discordant expression of pro-B-type and pro-C-type natriuretic peptide in newborn infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes. Regul Pept 2007; 141 (1–3) 135-139
- 36 Kanbe T, Maeno Y, Fujino H , et al. Brain-type natriuretic peptide at birth reflects foetal maturation and antenatal stress. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98 (9) 1421-1425
- 37 Nir A, Lindinger A, Rauh M , et al. NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in infants and children: reference values based on combined data from four studies. Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 30 (1) 3-8
- 38 Mir TS, Flato M, Falkenberg J , et al. Plasma concentrations of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults: effect of age and gender. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27 (1) 73-77
- 39 Mansoub S, Chan MK, Adeli K. Gap analysis of pediatric reference intervals for risk biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2006; 39 (6) 569-587
- 40 Koch A, Singer H. Normal values of B type natriuretic peptide in infants, children, and adolescents. Heart 2003; 89 (8) 875-878
- 41 Mir TS, Laux R, Hellwege HH , et al. Plasma concentrations of aminoterminal pro atrial natriuretic peptide and aminoterminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in healthy neonates: marked and rapid increase after birth. Pediatrics 2003; 112 (4) 896-899
- 42 Nir A, Bar-Oz B, Perles Z, Brooks R, Korach A, Rein AJ. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: reference plasma levels from birth to adolescence. Elevated levels at birth and in infants and children with heart diseases. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93 (5) 603-607
- 43 Kunii Y, Kamada M, Ohtsuki S , et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide and the evaluation of volume overload in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Acta Med Okayama 2003; 57 (4) 191-197
- 44 Rauh M, Koch A. Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in a control population of infants and children. Clin Chem 2003; 49 (9) 1563-1564
- 45 Schwachtgen L, Herrmann M, Georg T, Schwarz P, Marx N, Lindinger A. Reference values of NT-proBNP serum concentrations in the umbilical cord blood and in healthy neonates and children. Z Kardiol 2005; 94 (6) 399-404
- 46 Albers S, Mir TS, Haddad M, Läer S. N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: normal ranges in the pediatric population including method comparison and interlaboratory variability. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44 (1) 80-85
- 47 Cantinotti M, Storti S, Parri MS, Murzi M, Clerico A. Reference values for plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in the first days of life. Clin Chem 2009; 55 (7) 1438-1440
- 48 Soldin SJ, Soldin OP, Boyajian AJ, Taskier MS. Pediatric brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide reference intervals. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366 (1–2) 304-308
- 49 Cantinotti M, Passino C, Storti S, Ripoli A, Zyw L, Clerico A. Clinical relevance of time course of BNP levels in neonates with congenital heart diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412 (23–24) 2300-2304
- 50 Chang AY, Abdullah SM, Jain T , et al. Associations among androgens, estrogens, and natriuretic peptides in young women: observations from the Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (1) 109-116
- 51 Saenger AK, Dalenberg DA, Bryant SC, Grebe SK, Jaffe AS. Pediatric brain natriuretic peptide concentrations vary with age and sex and appear to be modulated by testosterone. Clin Chem 2009; 55 (10) 1869-1875
- 52 Cantinotti M, Storti S, Ripoli A , et al. Diagnostic accuracy of B-type natriuretic hormone for congenital heart disease in the first month of life. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 (9) 1333-1338
- 53 Cantinotti M, Storti S, Parri MS, Prontera C, Murzi B, Clerico A. Reference intervals for brain natriuretic peptide in healthy newborns and infants measured with an automated immunoassay platform. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 (5) 697-700
- 54 Holmgren D, Westerlind A, Lundberg PA, Wåhlander H. Increased plasma levels of natriuretic peptide type B and A in children with congenital heart defects with left compared with right ventricular volume overload or pressure overload. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2005; 25 (5) 263-269
- 55 Koch AM, Zink S, Singer H, Dittrich S. B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with functionally univentricular hearts after total cavopulmonary connection. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10 (1) 60-62
- 56 Holmgren D, Westerlind A, Berggren H, Lundberg PA, Wåhlander H. Increased natriuretic peptide type B level after the second palliative step in children with univentricular hearts with right ventricular morphology but not left ventricular morphology. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29 (4) 786-792
- 57 Koch A, Zink S, Singer H. B-type natriuretic peptide in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2006; 27 (7) 861-866
- 58 Cowley CG, Bradley JD, Shaddy RE. B-type natriuretic peptide levels in congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25 (4) 336-340
- 59 Czernik C, Lemmer J, Metze B, Koehne PS, Mueller C, Obladen M. B-type natriuretic peptide to predict ductus intervention in infants <28 weeks. Pediatr Res 2008; 64 (3) 286-290
- 60 Farombi-Oghuvbu I, Matthews T, Mayne PD, Guerin H, Corcoran JD. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: a measure of significant patent ductus arteriosus. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93 (4) F257-F260
- 61 Eerola A, Jokinen E, Boldt T, Pihkala J. The influence of percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus on left ventricular size and function: a prospective study using two- and three-dimensional echocardiography and measurements of serum natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47 (5) 1060-1066
- 62 Flynn PA, da Graca RL, Auld PA, Nesin M, Kleinman CS. The use of a bedside assay for plasma B-type natriuretic peptide as a biomarker in the management of patent ductus arteriosus in premature neonates. J Pediatr 2005; 147 (1) 38-42
- 63 Tosse V, Pillekamp F, Verde P , et al. Urinary NT-proBNP, NGAL, and H-FABP may predict hemodynamic relevance of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants. Neonatology 2012; 101 (4) 260-266
- 64 Kalra VK, DeBari VA, Zauk A, Kataria P, Myridakis D, Kiblawi F. Point-of-care testing for B-type natriuretic peptide in premature neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2011; 41 (2) 131-137
- 65 Zhao QM, Ma XJ, Ge XL , et al; Neonatal Congenital Heart Disease screening group. Pulse oximetry with clinical assessment to screen for congenital heart disease in neonates in China: a prospective study. Lancet 2014; 384 (9945) 747-754
- 66 Thangaratinam S, Brown K, Zamora J, Khan KS, Ewer AK. Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects in asymptomatic newborn babies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379 (9835) 2459-2464
- 67 Cantinotti M, Vittorini S, Storti S , et al. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance of brain natriuretic peptide assay in pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2009; 10 (9) 706-713
- 68 Cantinotti M, Assanta N, Murzi B, Lopez L. Controversies in the definition and management of insignificant left-to-right shunts. Heart 2014; 100 (3) 200-205
- 69 Cantinotti M. Current pediatric nomograms are only one source of error for quantification in pediatric echocardiography: what to expect from future research. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26 (8) 919
- 70 Cantinotti M, Scalese M, Murzi B , et al. Echocardiographic nomograms for chamber diameters and areas in Caucasian children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27 (12) 1279-92.e2
- 71 Berry JG, Askovich B, Shaddy RE, Hawkins JA, Cowley CG. Prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in surgical palliation of children with single-ventricle congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29 (1) 70-75
- 72 Hsu JH, Keller RL, Chikovani O , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict outcome after neonatal cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 134 (4) 939-945
- 73 Walsh R, Boyer C, LaCorte J , et al. N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide levels in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure undergoing cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135 (1) 98-105
- 74 Shih CY, Sapru A, Oishi P , et al. Alterations in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels after repair of congenital heart defects: a potential perioperative marker. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131 (3) 632-638
- 75 Cannesson M, Bionda C, Gostoli B , et al. Time course and prognostic value of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in neonates undergoing the arterial switch operation. Anesth Analg 2007; 104 (5) 1059-1065 tables of contents
- 76 Mir TS, Haun C, Lilje C, Läer S, Weil J. Utility of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations in comparison to lactate and troponin in children with congenital heart disease following open-heart surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27 (2) 209-216
- 77 Koch A, Kitzsteiner T, Zink S, Cesnjevar R, Singer H. Impact of cardiac surgery on plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in children with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2007; 114 (3) 339-344
- 78 Gessler P, Knirsch W, Schmitt B, Rousson V, von Eckardstein A. Prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in children with congenital heart defects and open-heart surgery. J Pediatr 2006; 148 (3) 372-376
- 79 Niedner MF, Foley JL, Riffenburgh RH, Bichell DP, Peterson BM, Rodarte A. B-type natriuretic peptide: perioperative patterns in congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2010; 5 (3) 243-255
- 80 Amirnovin R, Keller RL, Herrera C , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict outcomes in infants undergoing cardiac surgery in a lesion-dependent fashion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (5) 1279-1287
- 81 Cantinotti M, Clerico A, Iervasi G. Age- and disease-related variations in B-type natriuretic peptide response after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (5) 1415-1416
- 82 Cantinotti M, Lorenzoni V, Storti S , et al. Thyroid and brain natriuretic Peptide response in children undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease- age-related variations and prognostic value. Circ J 2013; 77 (1) 188-197
- 83 Lindblade CL, Chun DS, Darragh RK, Caldwell RL, Murphy DJ, Schamberger MS. Value of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (7) 909-911
- 84 Hammerer-Lercher A, Mair J, Antretter H , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker of allograft rejection after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (9) 1444
- 85 Lan YT, Chang RK, Alejos JC, Burch C, Wetzel GT. B-type natriuretic peptide in children after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (5) 558-563
- 86 Ationu A, Burch M, Singer D, Littleton P, Carter N. Cardiac transplantation affects ventricular expression of brain natriuretic peptide. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27 (2) 188-191
- 87 Claudius I, Lan YT, Chang RK, Wetzel GT, Alejos J. Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide as a noninvasive screening tool for cardiac allograft pathology in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92 (11) 1368-1370
- 88 Cantinotti M, Storti S, Lorenzoni V , et al. The combined use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and brain natriuretic peptide improves risk stratification in pediatric cardiac surgery. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50 (11) 2009-2017
- 89 Koch AM, Zink S, Singer H, Dittrich S. B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with functionally univentricular hearts after total cavopulmonary connection. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10 (1) 60-62
- 90 Cantinotti M, Giordano R, Scalese M , et al. Prognostic role of BNP in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: analysis of prediction models incorporating standard risk factors. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53 (11) 1839-1846
- 91 Joseph L, Nir A, Hammerman C, Goldberg S, Ben Shalom E, Picard E. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Am J Perinatol 2010; 27 (5) 381-386
- 92 Price JF, Thomas AK, Grenier M , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts adverse cardiovascular events in pediatric outpatients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation 2006; 114 (10) 1063-1069
- 93 Kaski JP, Tomé-Esteban MT, Mead-Regan S , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts disease severity in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2008; 94 (10) 1307-1311
- 94 Sanjeev S, Pettersen M, Lua J, Thomas R, Shankaran S, L'Ecuyer T. Role of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in screening for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. J Perinatol 2005; 25 (11) 709-713
- 95 Mir TS, Marohn S, Läer S, Eiselt M, Grollmus O, Weil J. Plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in control children from the neonatal to adolescent period and in children with congestive heart failure. Pediatrics 2002; 110 (6) e76
- 96 Knirsch W, Häusermann E, Fasnacht M, Hersberger M, Gessler P, Bauersfeld U. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in children with heart disease. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100 (9) 1213-1216
- 97 Hongkan W, Soongswang J, Veerakul G , et al. N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac function in doxorubicin administered pediatric patients. J Med Assoc Thai 2009; 92 (11) 1450-1457
- 98 Soker M, Kervancioglu M. Plasma concentrations of NT-pro-BNP and cardiac troponin-I in relation to doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and cardiac function in childhood malignancy. Saudi Med J 2005; 26 (8) 1197-1202
- 99 Hayakawa H, Komada Y, Hirayama M, Hori H, Ito M, Sakurai M. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in relation to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiac function in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 37 (1) 4-9
- 100 Cheema AN, Phil M, Khan DA, Tuyyab F. Early detection of cardiac dysfunction by BNP in beta-thalassaemia major patients. Acta Cardiol 2012; 67 (3) 331-335
- 101 Aggarwal S, Pettersen MD, Bhambhani K, Gurczynski J, Thomas R, L'Ecuyer T. B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-treated children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 49 (6) 812-816
- 102 Takeuchi D, Saji T, Takatsuki S, Fujiwara M. Abnormal tissue doppler images are associated with elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide and increased oxidative stress in acute Kawasaki disease. Circ J 2007; 71 (3) 357-362
- 103 Davlouros PA, Karatza AA, Xanthopoulou I , et al. Diagnostic role of plasma BNP levels in neonates with signs of congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147 (1) 42-46
- 104 Ko HK, Lee JH, Choi BM , et al. Utility of the rapid B-type natriuretic peptide assay for detection of cardiovascular problems in newborn infants with respiratory difficulties. Neonatology 2008; 94 (1) 16-21
- 105 Koulouri S, Acherman RJ, Wong PC, Chan LS, Lewis AB. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in differentiating congestive heart failure from lung disease in pediatric patients with respiratory distress. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25 (4) 341-346
- 106 Maher KO, Reed H, Cuadrado A , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of critical heart disease in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121 (6) e1484-e1488
- 107 Cohen S, Springer C, Avital A , et al. Amino-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide: heart or lung disease in pediatric respiratory distress?. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (5) 1347-1350
- 108 Law YM, Hoyer AW, Reller MD, Silberbach M. Accuracy of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide to diagnose significant cardiovascular disease in children: the Better Not Pout Children! Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54 (15) 1467-1475
- 109 Kalra VK, Aggarwal S, Arora P, Natarajan G. B-type natriuretic peptide levels in preterm neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a marker of severity?. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49 (11) 1106-1111
- 110 Steurer MA, Moon-Grady AJ, Fineman JR , et al. B-type natriuretic peptide: prognostic marker in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res 2014; 76 (6) 549-554
- 111 Hur M, Kim H, Lee S , et al. Diagnostic and prognostic utilities of multimarkers approach using procalcitonin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 224
- 112 Cantinotti M, Clerico A, Murzi M, Vittorini S, Emdin M. Clinical relevance of measurement of brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in pediatric cardiology. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 390 (1–2) 12-22
- 113 Pletcher MJ, Pignone M. Evaluating the clinical utility of a biomarker: a review of methods for estimating health impact. Circulation 2011; 123 (10) 1116-1124
- 114 Wang TJ. Assessing the role of circulating, genetic, and imaging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 2011; 123 (5) 551-565
- 115 Hlatky MA, Greenland P, Arnett DK , et al; American Heart Association Expert Panel on Subclinical Atherosclerotic Diseases and Emerging Risk Factors and the Stroke Council. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009; 119 (17) 2408-2416