Bone Sarcomas in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the most common bone malignancies that affect children and adolescents, with an incidence of six new cases/1,000,000 inhabitants/year, accounting for approximately 7% of cancer diagnoses. They may be defined as neoplastic diseases that involve the bone tissues, the former arising from the mesenchymal bone forming cells and the latter from the neural crest cells.

Keywords

bone sarcomas - osteosarcoma - ewing sarcoma - childhood

• References

• 1 Bielack SS, Kempf-Bielack B, Delling G , et al. Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: an analysis of 1,702 patients treated on neoadjuvant cooperative osteosarcoma study group protocols. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (3) 776-790
• 2 Chou AJ, Geller DS, Gorlick R. Therapy for osteosarcoma: where do we go from here?. Paediatr Drugs 2008; 10 (5) 315-327
• 3 Kager L, Zoubek A, Pötschger U , et al; Cooperative German-Austrian-Swiss Osteosarcoma Study Group. Primary metastatic osteosarcoma: presentation and outcome of patients treated on neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group protocols. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21 (10) 2011-2018
• 4 Kempf-Bielack B, Bielack SS, Jürgens H , et al. Osteosarcoma relapse after combined modality therapy: an analysis of unselected patients in the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS). J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (3) 559-568
• 5 Hauben EI, Bielack S, Grimer R , et al. Clinico-histologic parameters of osteosarcoma patients with late relapse. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42 (4) 460-466
• 6 Carrle D, Bielack S. Osteosarcoma lung metastases detection and principles of multimodal therapy. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 152: 165-184
• 7 Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD , et al; Children's Oncology Group. Osteosarcoma: the addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival—a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (4) 633-638
• 8 Chou AJ, Kleinerman ES, Krailo MD , et al; Children's Oncology Group. Addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic osteosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2009; 115 (22) 5339-5348
• 9 Daw NC, Neel MD, Rao BN , et al. Frontline treatment of localized osteosarcoma without methotrexate: results of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital OS99 trial. Cancer 2011; 117 (12) 2770-2778
• 10 Geller DS, Gorlick R. Osteosarcoma: a review of diagnosis, management, and treatment strategies. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2010; 8 (10) 705-718
• 11 Zheng S, Zhou S, Qiao G , et al. Pirarubicin-based chemotherapy displayed better clinical outcomes and lower toxicity than did doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of non-metastatic extremity osteosarcoma. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5 (1) 411-422
• 12 Duffaud F, Egerer G, Ferrari S, Rassam H, Boecker U, Bui-Nguyen B. A phase II trial of second-line pemetrexed in adults with advanced/metastatic osteosarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48 (4) 564-570
• 13 Warwick AB, Malempati S, Krailo M , et al. Phase 2 trial of pemetrexed in children and adolescents with refractory solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60 (2) 237-241
• 14 Wei MY, Zhuang YF, Wang WM. Gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15 (17) 7159-7162
• 15 Luksch R, Grignani G, Fagioli F , et al. Response to melphalan in up-front investigational window therapy for patients with metastatic Ewing's family tumours. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43 (5) 885-890
• 16 van Maldegem AM, Benson C, Rutkowski P , et al. Etoposide and carbo-or cisplatin combination therapy in refractory or relapsed Ewing sarcoma: a large retrospective study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 (1) 40-44
• 17 Juergens H, Daw NC, Geoerger B , et al. Preliminary efficacy of the anti-insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor antibody figitumumab in patients with refractory Ewing sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 (34) 4534-4540
• 18 Weigel B, Malempati S, Reid JM , et al. Phase 2 trial of cixutumumab in children, adolescents, and young adults with refractory solid tumors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61 (3) 452-456
• 19 Naing A, LoRusso P, Fu S , et al. Insulin growth factor-receptor (IGF-1R) antibody cixutumumab combined with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in patients with refractory Ewing's sarcoma family tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18 (9) 2625-2631
• 20 Wagner LM, Fouladi M, Ahmed A , et al. Phase II study of cixutumumab in combination with temsirolimus in pediatric patients and young adults with recurrent or refractory sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 (3) 440-444
• 21 Grohar PJ, Woldemichael GM, Griffin LB , et al. Identification of an inhibitor of the EWS-FLI1 oncogenic transcription factor by high-throughput screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103 (12) 962-978
• 22 Amaral AT, Garofalo C, Frapolli R , et al. Trabectedin efficacy in Ewing sarcoma is greatly increased by combination with anti-IGF signaling agents. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21 (6) 1373-1382
• 23 Tancredi R, Zambelli A, DaPrada GA , et al. Targeting the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75 (6) 1317-1320
• 24 Alcindor T. Response of refractory Ewing sarcoma to pazopanib. Acta Oncol 2015; 54 (7) 1063-1064