Reproduktionsmedizin. Vitrifikation

Die Kryokonservierung bezeichnet die Lagerung vitaler Zellen und Gewebe in flüssigem Stickstoff bei − 196 °C (liquid nitrogen, LN2). Da sie unter natürlichen Bedingungen nie solch niedrigen Temperaturen ausgesetzt sind, werden spezielle Kryokonservierungsmethoden und kryoprotektive Lösungen benötigt, damit die Zellen und Gewebe diesen Prozess sowie das spätere Auftauen überleben. Seit dem letzten Jahrzehnt ist ein eindeutiger Trend von der zeitintensiven, langsamen Kryokonservierung mit programmierbaren Einfriergeräten hin zur Vitrifikation, einem zeiteffektiven, ultraschnellen Einfrierverfahren ohne kostenintensive Gerätetechnik, zu beobachten [16].

• Literatur

• 1 Al-Hasani S, Ozmen B, Koutlaki N et al. Three years of routine vitrification of human zygotes: is it still fair to advocate slow-rate freezing?. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 14: 288-293
• 2 Balaban B, Urman B, Ata B et al. A randomized controlled study of human Day 3 embryo cryopreservation by slow freezing or vitrification: vitrification is associated with higher survival, metabolism and blastocyst formation. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 1976-1982
• 3 Bianchi V, Lappi M, Bonu MA et al. Oocyte slow freezing using a 0.2-0.3 M sucrose concentration protocol: is it really the time to trash the cryopreservation machine?. Fertil Steril 2012; 97: 1101-1107
• 4 Cobo A, Diaz C. Clinical application of oocyte vitrification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 277-285
• 5 da Motta EL, Bonavita M, Alegretti JR et al. Live birth after 6 years of oocyte vitrification in a survivor with breast cancer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31: 1397-1400
• 6 Desai N, Blackmon H, Szeptycki J et al. Cryoloop vitrification of human day 3 cleavage-stage embryos: post-vitrification development, pregnancy outcomes and live births. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 14: 208-213
• 7 El-Danasouri HA, Selman I. Successful pregnancies and deliveries after a simple vitrification protocol for day 3 human embryos. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 400-402
• 8 Fahy GM, MacFarlane DR, Angell CA et al. Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation. Cryobiology 1984; 21: 407-426
• 9 Fahy GM. Vitrification: a new Approach to Organ Cryopreservation. In: Merryman HT, ed. Transplantation: Approaches to Graft Rejection. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1986: 305-335
• 10 Hiraoka K, Hiraoka K, Kinutani M et al. Blastocoele collapse by micropipetting prior to vitrification gives excellent survival and pregnancy outcomes for human day 5 and 6 expanded blastocysts. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 2884-2888
• 11 Jelinkova L, Selman HA, Arav A et al. Twin pregnancy after vitrification of 2-pronuclei human embryos. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 412-414
• 12 Jericho H, Wilton L, Gook DA et al. A modified cryopreservation method increases the survival of human biopsied cleavage stage embryos. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 568-571
• 13 Kuleshova L, Gianaroli L, Magli C et al. Birth following vitrification of a small number of human oocytes: case report. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 3077-3079
• 14 Levi Setti PE, Porcu E, Patrizio P et al. Human oocyte cryopreservation with slow freezing versus vitrification. Results from the National Italian Registry data, 2007–2011. Fertil Steril 2014; 102: 90-95.e2
• 15 Li Y, Chen ZJ, Yang HJ et al. Comparison of vitrification and slow-freezing of human day 3 cleavage stage embryos: post-vitrification development and pregnancy outcomes. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2007; 42: 753-755
• 16 Liebermann J, Nawroth F, Isachenko V et al. Potential importance of vitrification in reproductive medicine. Biol Reprod 2002; 67: 1671-1680
• 17 Liebermann J, Tucker MJ, Graham JR et al. Blastocyst development after vitrification of multipronucleate zygotes using the flexipet denuding pipette (FDP). Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 4: 146-150
• 18 Liebermann J, Tucker MJ. Effect of carrier system on the yield of human oocytes and embryos as assessed by survival and developmental potential after vitrification. Reproduction 2002; 124: 483-489
• 19 Liebermann J, Conaghan J. Artificial collapse prior blastocyst vitrification: improvement of clinical outcome. J Clin Embryol 2013; 16: 107-118
• 20 Loutradi KE, Kolibianakis EM, Venetis CA et al. Cryopreservation of human embryos by vitrification or slow freezing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 186-193
• 21 Nawroth F, Liebermann J. Vitrifikation. Gynäkologe 2013; 46: 896-902
• 22 Nawroth F. Social Freezing – Kryokonservierung unbefruchteter Eizellen aus nicht-medizinischen Indikationen. Springer Essentials Medizin. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien; 2015
• 23 Noyes N, Porcu E, Borini A. Over 900 oocyte cryopreservation babies born with no apparent increase in congenital anomalies. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18: 769-776
• 24 Park SP, Kim EY, Oh JH et al. Ultra-rapid freezing of human multipronuclear zygotes using electron microscope grids. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1787-1790
• 25 Rama Raju GA, Haranath GB, Krishna KM et al. Vitrification of human 8-cell embryos, a modified protocol for better pregnancy rates. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 11: 434-437
• 26 Rienzi L, Romano S, Albricci L et al. Embryo development of fresh ʼversusʼ vitrified metaphase II oocytes after ICSI: a prospective randomized sibling-oocyte study. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 66-73
• 27 Selman HA, El-Danasouri I. Pregnancies derived from vitrified human zygotes. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 422-423
• 28 The Practice Committees of the ASRM and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Mature oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2013; 99: 37-43
• 29 Urquiza MF, Carretero I, Cano Carabajal PR et al. Successful live birth from oocytes after more than 14 years of cryopreservation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31: 1553-1555