RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1555931
Aerial and Terrestrial Patterns: A Novel Approach to Analyzing Human Running
Publikationsverlauf
accepted after revision 26. Juni 2015
Publikationsdatum:
28. Oktober 2015 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sportsmed/201601/lookinside/thumbnails/4752_10-1055-s-0035-1555931-1.jpg)
Abstract
Biomechanical parameters are often analyzed independently, although running gait is a dynamic system wherein changes in one parameter are likely to affect another. Accordingly, the Volodalen® method provides a model for classifying running patterns into 2 categories, aerial and terrestrial, using a global subjective rating scoring system. We aimed to validate the Volodalen® method by verifying whether the aerial and terrestrial patterns, defined subjectively by a running coach, were associated with distinct objectively-measured biomechanical parameters. The running patterns of 91 individuals were assessed subjectively using the Volodalen® method by an expert running coach during a 10-min running warm-up. Biomechanical parameters were measured objectively using the OptojumpNext® during a 50-m run performed at 3.3, 4.2, and 5 m·s−1 and were compared between aerial- and terrestrial-classified subjects. Longer contact times and greater leg compression were observed in the terrestrial compared to the aerial runners. The aerial runners exhibited longer flight time, greater center of mass displacement, maximum vertical force and leg stiffness than the terrestrial ones. The subjective categorization of running patterns was associated with distinct objectively-quantified biomechanical parameters. Our results suggest that a subjective holistic assessment of running patterns provides insight into the biomechanics of running gaits of individuals.
-
References
- 1 Arellano CJ, Kram R. The effects of step width and arm swing on energetic cost and lateral balance during running. J Biomech 2011; 44: 1291-1295
- 2 Arellano CJ, Kram R. The metabolic cost of human running: is swinging the arms worth it?. J Exp Biol 2014; 217: 2456-2461
- 3 Arendse RE, Noakes TD, Azevedo LB, Romanov N, Schwellnus MP, Fletcher G. Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the pose running method. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 272-277
- 4 Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Strategies to improve running economy. Sports Med 2015; 45: 37-56
- 5 Cavagna GA, Legramandi MA, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Old men running: mechanical work and elastic bounce. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275: 411-418
- 6 Coh M, Milanović D, Kampmiller T. Morphologic and kinematic characteristics of elite sprinters. Coll Antropol 2001; 25: 605-610
- 7 Dumke CL, Pfaffenroth CM, McBride JM, McCauley GO. Relationship between muscle strength, power and stiffness and running economy in trained male runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 5: 249-261
- 8 Gruber AH, Umberger BR, Braun B, Hamill J. Economy and rate of carbohydrate oxidation during running with rearfoot and forefoot strike patterns. J Appl Physiol 1985 2013; 115: 194-201
- 9 Halvorsen K, Eriksson M, Gullstrand L. Acute effects of reducing vertical displacement and step frequency on running economy. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 2065-2070
- 10 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
- 11 Hatala KG, Dingwall HL, Wunderlich RE, Richmond BG. Variation in foot strike patterns during running among habitually barefoot populations. PloS One 2013; 8: e52548
- 12 Hébert-Losier K, Jensen K, Mourot L, Holmberg H-C. The influence of surface on the running velocities of elite and amateur orienteer athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: e448-e455
- 13 Hébert-Losier K, Mourot L, Holmberg H-C. Elite and amateur orienteers’ running biomechanics on three surfaces at three speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 381-389
- 14 Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RM. The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature 1987; 325: 147-149
- 15 Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 1990; 346: 265-267
- 16 Kulmala J-P, Avela J, Pasanen K, Parkkari J. Forefoot strikers exhibit lower running-induced knee loading than rearfoot strikers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45: 2306-2313
- 17 Kyröläinen H, Belli A, Komi PV. Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1330-1337
- 18 Lee CR, Farley CT. Determinants of the center of mass trajectory in human walking and running. J Exp Biol 1998; 201: 2935-2944
- 19 Mangine GT, Fukuda DH, Townsend JR, Wells AJ, Gonzalez AM, Jajtner AR, Bohner JD, LaMonica M, Hoffman JR, Fragala MS, Stout JR. Sprinting performance on the Woodway Curve 3.0(TM) is related to muscle architecture. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 1-9
- 20 McMahon TA, Valiant G, Frederick EC. Groucho running. J Appl Physiol 1985 1987; 62: 2326-2337
- 21 Di Michele R, Merni F. The concurrent effects of strike pattern and ground-contact time on running economy. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17: 414-418
- 22 Moreno FJ, Reina R, Luis V, Sabido R. Visual search strategies in experienced and inexperienced gymnastic coaches. Percept Mot Skills 2002; 95: 901-902
- 23 Morin JB, Dalleau G, Kyröläinen H, Jeannin T, Belli A. A simple method for measuring stiffness during running. J Appl Biomech 2005; 21: 167-180
- 24 Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Sharwood KA, Lambert MI, Noakes TD, Rusko HK. Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 1-8
- 25 Ogueta-Alday A, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, García-López J. Rearfoot striking runners are more economical than midfoot strikers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46: 580-585
- 26 Paavolainen LM, Nummela AT, Rusko HK. Neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of 5-km running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 124-130
- 27 Støren Ø, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Running stride peak forces inversely determine running economy in elite runners. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 117-123
- 28 Tartaruga MP, Brisswalter J, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Avila AOV, Alberton CL, Coertjens M, Cadore EL, Tiggemann CL, Silva EM, Kruel LFM. The relationship between running economy and biomechanical variables in distance runners. Res Q Exerc Sport 2012; 83: 367-375
- 29 Thompson A, Bezodis IN, Jones RL. An in-depth assessment of expert sprint coaches’ technical knowledge. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 855-861
- 30 Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J Appl Physiol 1985 2000; 89: 1991-1999
- 31 Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. J Appl Physiol 1985 1987; 63: 1236-1245