Download PDF
Planta Med 2015; 81(08): 637-647
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545946
Reviews
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds with the Potential to Enhance Mechanisms of Inherited Cardiac Regeneration

Zhen Zhou
1   Laboratory of Innovative Medicine, Hong Kong
,
Dianbin Li
2   Emergency Department, Tianshan Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
,
Hua Zhou
3   Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Xiaoli Lin
1   Laboratory of Innovative Medicine, Hong Kong
,
Censing Li
4   Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
,
Mingfeng Tang
1   Laboratory of Innovative Medicine, Hong Kong
,
Zhou Feng
3   Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
,
Ming Li
1   Laboratory of Innovative Medicine, Hong Kong
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 28 July 2014
revised 20 March 2015

accepted 23 March 2015

Publication Date:
27 May 2015 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

This article reviews the current progress and research indications in the application of natural plant compounds with the potential for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Our understanding of how to apply natural plant compounds to enhance mechanisms of inherited cardiac regeneration, which is physiologically pertinent to myocyte turnover or minor cardiac repair, for substantial cardiac regeneration to repair pathological heart injuries is discussed. Although significant progress has been made in the application of natural plant compounds for therapy of heart diseases, the understanding or the application of these compounds specifically for enhancing mechanisms of inherited cardiac regeneration for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is little. Recent recognition of some natural plant compounds that can repair damaged myocardial tissues through enhancing mechanisms of inherited cardiac regeneration has offered an alternative for clinical translation. Application of natural plant compounds, which show the activity of manipulating gene expressions in such a way to enhance mechanisms of inherited cardiac regeneration for cardiac repair, may provide a promising strategy for the reconstruction of damaged cardiac tissues due to cardiovascular diseases.

Key words

natural plant compounds - cardiovascular diseases - myocardial regeneration - mechanisms of inherited cardiac regeneration - cardiovascular diseases - cardiogenin
 

  • References

  • 1 Duncan AK, Vittone J, Fleming KC, Smith HC. Cardiovascular disease in elderly patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71: 184-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Pandey DK, Paynter NP, Reeves MJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129: 399-410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011
    Google Scholar
  • 4 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity & mortality: 2012 chart book on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2012
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Rosenstrauch D, Poglajen G, Zidar N, Gregoric ID. Stem cell therapy for ischemic heart failure. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32: 339-347
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ, Takuma S, Burkhoff D, Wang J, Homma S, Edwards NM, Itescu S. Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nat Med 2001; 7: 430-436
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Lietz K, Long JW, Kfoury AG, Slaughter MS, Silver MA, Milano CA, Rogers JG, Naka Y, Mancini D, Miller LW. Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era. Circulation 2007; 116: 497-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Westfall MV, Pasyk KA, Yule DI, Samuelson LC, Metzger JM. Ultrastructure and cell-cell coupling of cardiac myocytes differentiating in embryonic stem cell cultures. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1998; 36: 43-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL, Liu L, Huang Q, Morgan JP, Xiao YF. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 288-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Yoshida Y, Yamanaka S. iPS cells: a source of cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50: 327-332
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Lin B, Kim J, Li YX, Pan HY, Carvajal-Vergara X, Salama G, Cheng T, Li Y, Lo CW, Yang L. High-purity enrichment of functional cardiovascular cells from human iPS cells. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95: 327-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, He H, Rezvani M, Ingwall JS, Dzau VJ. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1195-1201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Cheng L, Chen H, Yao X, Qi G, Liu H, Lee K, Lee K, Zhang J, Chen S, Lin X, Zhao W, Li J, Li M. A plant-derived remedy for repair infarcted heart. PLoS One 2009; 4: e4461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Martin-Puig S, Fuster V, Torres M. Heart repair: from natural mechanisms of cardiomyocyte production to the design of new cardiac therapies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1254: 71-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Li M, Ng SC. Potentiating the naturally occurring process for repair of damaged heart. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 20: 1950-1963
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Engel FB. Cardiomyocyte proliferation: a platform for mammalian cardiac repair. Cell Cycle 2005; 4: 1360-1363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabé-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisén J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 2009; 324: 98-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Heart regeneration. Nature 2011; 473: 326-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Koudstaal S, Jansen Of Lorkeers SJ, Gaetani R, Gho JM, van Slochteren FJ, Sluijter JP, Doevendans PA, Ellison GM, Chamuleau SA. Concise review: heart regeneration and the role of cardiac stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2: 434-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Poss KD, Wilson LG, Keating MT. Heart regeneration in zebrafish. Science 2002; 298: 2188-2190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Jopling C, Sleep E, Raya M, Martí M, Raya A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Zebrafish heart regeneration occurs by cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Nature 2010; 464: 606-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Ausoni S, Sartore S. From fish to amphibians to mammals: in search of novel strategies to optimize cardiac regeneration. J Cell Biol 2009; 184: 357-364
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, Hill JA, Richardson JA, Olson EN, Sadek HA. Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science 2011; 331: 1078-1080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Morkin E, Ashford TP. Myocardial DNA synthesis in experimental cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1968; 215: 1409-1413
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Petersen RO, Baserga R. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis in cardiac muscle of growing and adult mice. Exp Cell Res 1965; 40: 340-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Yoshizumi M, Lee WS, Hsieh CM, Tsai JC, Li J, Perrella MA, Patterson C, Endege WO, Schlegel R, Lee ME. Disappearance of cyclin A correlates with permanent withdrawal of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle in human and rat hearts. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2275-2280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Urbanek K, Quaini F, Tasca G, Torella D, Castaldo C, Nadal-Ginard B, Leri A, Kajstura J, Quaini E, Anversa P. Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 10440-10445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Urbanek K, Torella D, Sheikh F, De Angelis A, Nurzynska D, Silvestri F, Beltrami CA, Bussani R, Beltrami AP, Quaini F, Bolli R, Leri A, Kajstura J, Anversa P. Myocardial regeneration by activation of multipotent cardiac stem cells in ischemic heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 8692-8697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabé-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisén J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 2009; 324: 98-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Hierlihy AM, Seale P, Lobe CG, Rudnicki MA, Megeney LA. The post-natal heart contains a myocardial stem cell population. FEBS Lett 2002; 530: 239-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 2003; 114: 763-776
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Oh H, Bradfute SB, Gallardo TD, Nakamura T, Gaussin V, Mishina Y, Pocius J, Michael LH, Behringer RR, Garry DJ, Entman NL, Schneider MD. Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 12313-12318
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Messina E, De Angelis L, Frati G, Morrone S, Chimenti S, Fiordaliso F, Salio M, Battaglia M, Latronico MVG, Coletta M, Vivarelli E, Frati L, Cossu G, Giacomello L. Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ Res 2004; 95: 911-921
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cai CL, Liang X, Shi Y, Chu PH, Pfaff SL, Chen J, Evans S. Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart. Dev Cell 2003; 5: 877-889
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Matsuura K, Nagai T, Nishigaki N, Oyama T, Nishi J, Wada H, Sano M, Toko H, Akazawa H, Sato T, Nakaya H, Kasanuki H, Komuro I. Adult cardiac Sca-1-positive cells differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 11384-11391
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Limana F, Bertolami C, Mangoni A, Di Carlo A, Avitabile D, Mocini D, Iannelli P, De Mori R, Marchetti C, Pozzoli O, Gentili C, Zacheo A, Germani A, Capogrossi MC. Myocardial infarction induces embryonic reprogramming of epicardial c-kit (+) cells: role of the pericardial fluid. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48: 609-618
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Teyssier-Le Discorde M, Prost S, Nandrot E, Kirszenbaum M. Spatial and temporal mapping of c-kit and its ligand, stem cell factor expression during human embryonic haemopoiesis. Br J Haematol 1999; 107: 247-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Yuan S, Schoenwolf GC. Islet-1 marks the early heart rudiments and is asymmetrically expressed during early rotation of the foregut in the chick embryo. Anat Rec 2000; 260: 204-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Bu L, Jiang X, Martin-Puig S, Caron L, Zhu S, Shao Y, Roberts DJ, Huang PL, Domian IJ, Chien KR. Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular cell lineages. Nature 2009; 460: 113-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Limana F, Zacheo A, Mocini D, Mangoni A, Borsellino G, Diamantini A, Mori RD, Battistini L, Vigna E, Santini M, Loiaconi V, Pompilio G, Germani A, Capogrossi MC. Identification of myocardial and vascular precursor cells in human and mouse epicardium. Circ Res 2007; 101: 1255-1265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Di Meglio F, Castaldo C, Nurzynska D, Romano V, Miraglia R, Montagnani S. Epicardial cells are missing from the surface of hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy: a useful clue about the self renewal potential of the adult human heart?. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145: e44-e46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Wang X, Hu Q, Nakamura Y, Lee J, Zhang G, From AH, Zhang J. The role of the sca-1+/CD31-cardiac progenitor cell population in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 1779-1788
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Dawn B, Stein AB, Urbanek K, Rota M, Whang B, Rastaldo D, Torella D, Tang XL, Rezazadeh A, Kajstura J, Leri A, Hunt G, Vaema J, Prabhu SD, Anversa P, Bolli R. Cardiac stem cells delivered intravascularly traverse the vessel barrier, regenerate infarcted myocardium, and improve cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 3766-3771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Zhang GJ, Ji JY, Liu Q, Zhang LH, Gong GY, Jin ZX, Ren SZ. Collected edition of identification and assessment of common TCD. Harbin, China: Heilongjiang SciTech Press; 1993: 301-302
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Zhang RX, Li MX, Jia ZP. Rehmannia glutinosa: review of botany, chemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 117: 199-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Zhang YG, Zhang HG, Zhang GY, Fan JS, Li XH, Liu YH, Li SH, Lian XM, Tang Z. Panax notoginseng saponins attenuate atherosclerosis in rats by regulating the blood lipid profile and an anti-inflammatory action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35: 1238-1244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Liu FJ, Cheng JP, Ru XB, Feng XW, Gu GM. Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides on hematogenesis in mice. Chin J Pham Toxicol 1994; 8: 118
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Wang YB, Liu YF, Lu XT, Yan FF, Wang B, Bai WW, Zhao YX. Rehmannia glutinosa extract activates endothelial progenitor cells in a rat model of myocardial infarction through a SDF-1 α/CXCR4 cascade. PLoS One 2013; 8: e54303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim DS, Woo ER, Cho YG, Chae SW. Saeng-Ji-Hwang has a protective effect on adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in cardiac muscle cells. Life Sci 2005; 76: 2027-2042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58: 1685-1693
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Lee FC. Facts about ginseng: the elixir of life. Elizabeth, NJ, USA: Hollym Int Corp; 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 52 Chu SF, Zhang JT. New achievements in ginseng research and its future prospects. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 15: 403-408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Bahrke MS, Morgan WP. Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng. Sports Med 1994; 18: 229-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Zeng F, Wang XM, Yang M, Lu ZQ, Guo DA. Fingerprint analysis of different Panax herbal species by HPLC-UV method. J Chin Pharmaceut Sci 2007; 16: 277-281
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Jia L, Zhao Y, Liang XJ. Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (II): Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16: 2924-2942
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Karmazyn M, Moey M, Gan XT. Therapeutic potential of ginseng in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 2011; 71: 1989-2008
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Leung KW, Pon YL, Wong RN, Wong AS. Ginsenoside-Rg1 induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression through the glucocorticoid receptor-related phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and beta-catenin/T-cell factor-dependent pathway in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 36280-36288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Liang HC, Chen CT, Chang Y, Huang YC, Chen SC, Sung HW. Loading of a novel angiogenic agent, ginsenoside Rg1 in an acellular biological tissue for tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng 2005; 11: 835-846
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Sengupta S, Toh SA, Sellers LA, Skepper JN, Koolwijk P, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong RN, Sasisekharan R, Fan TP. Modulating angiogenesis: the yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation 2004; 110: 1219-1225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Chan LS, Yue PY, Mak NK, Wong RN. Role of microRNA-214 in ginsenoside-Rg1-induced angiogenesis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38: 370-377
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Chan LS, Yue PY, Wong YY, Wong RN. MicroRNA-15b contributes to ginsenoside-Rg1-induced angiogenesis through increased expression of VEGFR-2. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86: 392-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Wang XD, Gu TX, Shi EY, Lu CM, Wang C. Effect and mechanism of panaxoside Rg1 on neovascularization in myocardial infarction rats. Chin J Integr Med 2010; 16: 162-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Zhang YJ, Zhang XL, Li MH, Iqbal J, Bourantas CV, Li JJ, Su XY, Muramatsu T, Tian NL, Chen SL. The ginsenoside Rg1 prevents transverse aortic constriction-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting fibrosis and enhancing angiogenesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62: 50-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Zhang ZL, Fan Y, Liu ML. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits autophagy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365: 243-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Zhu D, Wu L, Li CR, Wang XW, Ma YJ, Zhong ZY, Zhao HB, Cui J, Xun SF, Huang XL, Zhou Z, Wang SQ. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects rat cardiomyocyte from hypoxia/reoxygenation oxidative injury via antioxidant and intracellular calcium homeostasis. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108: 117-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Wu Y, Xia ZY, Dou J, Zhang L, Xu JJ, Zhao B, Lei S, Liu HM. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38: 4327-4335
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Kong HL, Li ZQ, Zhao YJ, Zhao SM, Zhu L, Li T, Fu Y, Li HJ. Ginsenoside Rb1 protects cardiomyocytes against CoCl2-induced apoptosis in neonatalrats by inhibiting mitochondria permeability transition pore opening. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31: 687-695
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Guan L, Li W, Liu Z. Effect of ginsenoside-Rb1 on cardiomyocytes apoptosis after ischemia and reperfusion in rats. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2002; 22: 212-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Wang XF, Liu XJ, Zhou QM, Du J, Zhang TL, Lu YY, Su SB. Ginsenoside rb1 reduces isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis in vitro and in vivo . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 454389
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Li CY, Deng W, Liao XQ, Deng J, Zhang YK, Wang DX. The effects and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 on myocardial remodeling in an animal model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18: 16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Wang Z, Li M, Wu WK, Tan HM, Geng DF. Ginsenoside Rb1 preconditioning protects against myocardial infarction after regional ischemia and reperfusion by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signal transduction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 22: 443-452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Yin H, Liu Z, Li F, Ni M, Wang B, Qiao Y, Xu X, Zhang M, Zhang J, Lu H, Zhang Y. Ginsenoside-Rg1 enhances angiogenesis and ameliorates ventricular remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction. J Mol Med 2011; 89: 363-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Zhao H, Lv D, Zhang W, Dong W, Feng J, Xiang Z, Huang L, Qin C, Zhang L. Ginsenoside-Rb1 attenuates dilated cardiomyopathy in cTnT(R141 W) transgenic mouse. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112: 214-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Ji X, Tan BK, Zhu YC, Linz W, Zhu YZ. Comparison of cardioprotective effects using ramipril and DanShen for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rats. Life Sci 2013; 73: 1413-1426
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Cheng TO. Danshen: a versatile Chinese herbal drug for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2005; 113: 437-438
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Li K, Li SZ, Zhang YL, Wang XZ. The effects of danshen root on cardiomyogenic differentiation of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415: 147-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Yin Y, Guan Y, Duan J, Wei G, Zhu Y, Quan W, Guo C, Zhou D, Wang Y, Xi M, Wen A. Cardioprotective effect of Danshensu against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and inhibits apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes via Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 699: 219-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Zhou L, Zuo Z, Chow MS. Danshen: an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 245: 1345-1359
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Wang X, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen. Med Res Rev 2007; 27: 133-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Fu J, Huang H, Liu J, Pi R, Chen J, Liu P. Tanshinone IIA protects cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-triggered damage and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 568: 213-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Gao S, Liu Z, Li H, Little PJ, Liu P, Xu S. Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220: 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Xu W, Yang J, Wu LM. Cardioprotective effects of tanshinone IIA on myocardial ischemia injury in rats. Pharmazie 2009; 64: 332-336
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Yang R, Liu A, Ma X, Li L, Su D, Liu J. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis through inhibiting JNK activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51: 396-401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Feng J, Li SS, Liang QS. Effects of Tanshinone II A on the myocardial apoptosis and the miR-133 levels in rats with heart failure. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2012; 32: 930-933
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Zhang L, Wu Y, Li Y, Xu CQ, Li XL, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Xing S, Wang HY, Zhang ZH, Shan HL. Tanshinone IIA improves miR-133 expression through MAPK ERK1/2 pathway in hypoxic cardiac myocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30: 843-852
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Gao J, Yang G, Pi R, Li R, Wang P, Zhang H, Le K, Chen S, Liu P. Tanshinone IIA protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from adriamycin-induced apoptosis. Transl Res 2008; 151: 79-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Shan H, Li X, Pan Z, Zhang L, Cai B, Zhang Y, Xu C, Chu W, Qiao G, Li B, Lu Y, Yang B. Tanshinone IIA protects against sudden cardiac death induced by lethal arrhythmias via repression of microRNA-1. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158: 1227-1235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chu W, Wang B, Zhang J, Zhao M, Li X, Li B, Lu Y, Yang B, Shan H. Tanshinone IIA inhibits miR-1 expression through p 38 MAPK signal pathway in post-infarction rat cardiomyocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 26: 991-998
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Tong Y, Xu W, Han H, Chen Y, Yang J, Qiao H, Hong D, Wu Y, Zhou C. Tanshinone IIA increases recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to infarct region via up-regulating stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis in a myocardial ischemia model. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 443-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Xie J, Wang H, Song T, Wang Z, Li F, Ma J, Chen J, Nan Y, Yi H, Wang W. Tanshinone IIA and astragaloside IV promote the migration of mesenchymal stem cells by up-regulation of CXCR4. Protoplasma 2013; 250: 521-530
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Li YJ, Duan CL, Liu JX. Salvianolic acid A promotes the acceleration of neovascularization in the ischemic rat myocardium and the functions of endothelial progenitor cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151: 218-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Lay IS, Hsieh CC, Chiu JH, Shiao MS, Lui WY, Wu CW. Salvianolic acid B enhances in vitro angiogenesis and improves skin flap survival in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Surg Res 2003; 115: 279-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Lay IS, Chiu JH, Shiao MS, Lui WY, Wu CW. Crude extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acid B enhance in vitro angiogenesis in murine SVR endothelial cell line. Planta Med 2003; 69: 26-32
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Li M, Yu CM, Cheng L, Wang M, Gu X, Lee KH, Wang T, Sung YT, Sanderson JE. Repair of infarcted myocardium by an extract of Geum japonicum with dual effects on angiogenesis and myogenesis. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 1460-1468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Cheng WH, Cheng L, Gu XM, Li M. The dual actions of angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis induced by an isolated compound from Geum japonicum repair muscle ischemia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 459: 91-97
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Chen H, Peng P, Cheng L, Lin X, Chung SSW, Li M. Reconstitution of coronary vasculature in ischemic hearts by plant-derived angiogenic compounds. Int J Cardiol 2012; 156: 148-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Chen H, Cheng L, Lin XL, Zhou X, Cai M, Li M. Reconstitution of coronary vasculature by an active fraction of Geum japonicum in ischemic hearts. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 3962
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Cheng L, Gu X, Sanderson JE, Wang X, Lee K, Yao X, Liu H, Cheung WL, Li M. A new function of a previously isolated compound that stimulates activation and differentiation of myogenic precursor cells leading to efficient myofiber regeneration and muscle repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38: 1123-1133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Lin X, Peng P, Cheng L, Chen S, Li K, Li ZY, Mo YH, Zhou Z, Li M. A natural compound induced cardiogenic differentiation of endogenous MSCs for repair of infarcted heart. Differentiation 2012; 83: 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Quaini F, Urbanek K, Beltrami AP, Finato N, Beltrami CA, Nadal-Ginard B, Kajstura J, Leri A, Anversa P. Chimerism of the transplanted heart. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 5-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Schwartz RS, Curfman GD. Can the heart repair itself?. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Dai W, Hale SL, Martin BJ, Kuang JQ, Dow JS, Wold LE, Kloner RA. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in postinfarcted rat myocardium short- and long-term effects. Circulation 2005; 112: 214-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Rafii S, Heissig B, Hattori K. Efficient mobilization and recruitment of marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 631-641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Trounson A. The production and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Endocr Rev 2006; 27: 208-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Wu Y, Chen L, Scott PG, Tredget EE. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance wound healing through differentiation and angiogenesis. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 2648-2659
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Liu YT, Lu BN, Xu LN, Yin LH, Wang XN, Peng JY, Liu KX. The antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic activity of the total flavonoids from the fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx. Natural Science 2010; 2: 175-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Li X, Cao W, Shen Y, Li N, Dong XP, Wang KJ, Cheng YX. Antioxidant compounds from Rosa laevigata fruits. Food Chem 2012; 130: 575-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 2002; 105: 93-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Amado LC, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, St John M, Xie JS, Cattaneo S, Durand DJ, Fitton T, Kuang JQ, Stewart G, Lehrke S, Baumgartner WW, Martin BJ, Heldman AW, Hare JM. Cardiac repair with intramyocardial injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 11474-11479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Chen SL, Fang WW, Ye F, Liu YH, Qian J, Shan SJ, Zhang JJ, Chunhua RZ, Liao LM, Lin S, Sun JP. Effect on left ventricular function of intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 92-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature 2008; 453: 314-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Singer AJ, Clark RA. Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 738-746
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell 2010; 142: 375-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 van Tuyn J, Pijnappels DA, de Vries AA, de Vries I, van der Velde-van Dijke I, Knaän-Shanzer S, van der Laarse A, Schalij MJ, Atsma DE. Fibroblasts from human postmyocardial infarction scars acquire properties of cardiomyocytes after transduction with a recombinant myocardin gene. FASEB J 2007; 21: 3369-3379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Chen JX, Krane M, Deutsch MA, Wang L, Rav-Acha M, Gregoire S, Engels MC, Rajarajan K, Karra R, Abel ED, Wu JC, Milan D, Wu SM. Inefficient reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5. Circ Res 2012; 111: 50-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Etzion S, Barbash IM, Feinberg MS, Zarin P, Miller L, Guetta E, Holbova R, Kloner RA, Kedes LH, Leor J. Cellular cardiomyoplasty of cardiac fibroblasts by adenoviral delivery of MyoD ex vivo: an unlimited source of cells for myocardial repair. Circulation 2002; 106: I125-I130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Eghbali M, Tomek R, Woods C, Bhambi B. Cardiac fibroblasts are predisposed to convert into myocyte phenotype: specific effect of transforming growth factor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 795-799
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Lin JM, Zhao JY, Zhuang QC, Hong ZF, Peng J. Xiongshao capsule promotes angiogenesis of HUVEC via enhancing cell proliferation and up-regulating the expression of bFGF and VEGF. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17: 840-846
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Xing L, Jiang M, Dong L, Gao J, Hou Y, Bai G, Luo G. Cardioprotective effects of the YiQiFuMai injection and isolated compounds on attenuating chronic heart failure via NF-κB inactivation and cytokine suppression. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148: 239-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Liang QL, Liang XP, Wang YM, Xie YY, Zhang RL, Chen X, Gao R, Cheng YJ, Wu J, Xu QB, Xiao QZ, Li X, Lv SF, Fan XM, Zhang HY, Zhang QL, Luo GA. Effective components screening and anti-myocardial infarction mechanism study of the Chinese medicine NSLF6 based on “system to system” mode. J Transl Med 2012; 10: 26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar