Niesen als mechanische Abwehr – Numerische Simulation mit Analyse der durchströmten Nasenbereiche

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund: Die Nase übernimmt die Befeuch­tung, Erwärmung und Reinigung der eingeatmeten Luft. Der Niesreflex führt bei starker Par­tikelbelastung durch beschleunigte Ausatmung zu einer stoßartigen Reinigung der Nase. Ziel dieser Studie war die Simulation der intranasalen Luftströmung im Rahmen des Niesens in einem realistischen Computermodell.

Material und Methoden: Aus dem CT-Datensatz eines 40-jährigen Mannes wurde ein 3-dimen­sionales Computer-Modell der Nasenhaupthöhle und der Siebbeinzellen erstellt. Strömungssimulationen wurden für verschiedene Einatmungs- und Ausatmungs-Geschwindigkeiten (± 2 m/s bis ± 45 m/s) durchgeführt, um den Niesvorgang zu simulieren. Ergebnisse wurden mittels Videosimulation dargestellt und analysiert.

Ergebnisse: Bei der Inspiration verläuft der Hauptatemstrom entlang der mittleren Nasenmuschel. Bei der Exspiration befindet sich die Strömung weiter kranial. Dieser Effekt wird durch die Form des Nasopharynx und die posterioren Anteile der Nasenmuscheln verursacht, die wie Schaufelräder den Luftstrom lenken. Bei sehr hohen Geschwindigkeiten (Niesen) werden auch angrenzende Siebbeinzellen und die Re­gio olfactoria von dem stoßartigen Atemstrom erfasst. Eine große Wirbelbildung im Nasopharynx sorgt für eine gleichförmige Verteilung auch des unteren Nasengangs.

Schlussfolgerung: Niesen ist ein Schutzreflex zur Reinigung der Nase. Die Strömung erfasst ab 10 m/s die kranialen Nasenabschnitte und angrenzende Siebbeinzellen. Im Vergleich zur Einatmung ist der Ausatemstrom nicht einfach nur umgekehrt. Kraniale Nasenbereiche, in denen während der Ruheatmung Partikel abgesetzt werden, werden erfasst.

Abstract

Introduction: The nose is responsible for humidification, heating and cleaning of the inhaled air. The sneeze reflex leads to a shock-like cleaning of the nose in strong particle exposure. The aim of this study was the simulation of intranasal air flow of sneezing in a realistic computer model.

Materials and Methods: Based on the CT scan of a 40 year old man a three-dimensional computer model of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses was created. Flow simulations were performed for different inspiratory and expiratory velocities (± 2 m/s to ± 45 m/s) in order to simulate sneezing. Results were visualized and analyzed by video simulation.

Results: During inspiration the main airflow takes place along the middle turbinate. During expiration, the flow is located more cranially. This effect is caused by the shape of the nasopharynx and the posterior portions of the nasal turbinates. During very high speeds (sneezing) also adjacent ethmoid sinuses and the olfactory region are covered by the shock-like expiratory flow. A large vortex formation in the nasopharynx is responsible for a uniform distribution of the airflow also on lower nasal areas.

Conclusion: Sneezing is a protective reflex that provides for cleaning of the nose. From a flow rate of 10 m/s, the cranial nasal areas as well as adjacent ethmoid sinuses are covered by the ­airflow. Compared to the inspiratory airflow the exhalation is not just vice versa. Particles that deposed in the cranial nasal areas during quiet breathing are removed.

Schlüsselwörter

Niesen - Strömung - numerische Simulation - Schleimhaut - Klimatisierung

Key words

sneezing - climatization - numerical simulation - mucosa - air flow

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