RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376879
Nasal Reconstruction in Children
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
11. Juni 2014 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/fps/201403/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0034-1376879-1.jpg)
Abstract
The nose represents the center of the face. The nasal shape changes with the progression from infancy to adulthood. In newborns, the main supporting structure of the nose is the dorsal septal cartilage; it is the facial growth center. The loss of septal cartilage at different ages leads to various facial syndromes involving the nose, maxilla, and orbita. Therefore, every surgical treatment can compromise not only the nasal growth but also the growth of the whole face. Childhood trauma or a malformation of the nose can also cause enormous functional impairments similar to those caused by surgical treatments. Our contribution represents different aspects of nasal deformities and their treatment. An individual concept is indispensable to reach the best compromise in all cases. The postulate of an early treatment gives priority to physical and mental damage control. The late therapy concept uses the inimitable potential of the growth of different tissues needed for a septoplasty and should be protected from iatrogenic impairment. We recommend a first-line pediatric nasal reconstruction, an attentive follow-up, and finally, a secondary nasal reconstruction in the adult patient if required for achieving normalcy.
-
References
- 1 van Loosen J, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL, Verwoerd CD. The nasal septal cartilage in the newborn. Rhinology 1988; 26 (3) 161-165
- 2 Poublon RML, Verwoerd CDA, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL. Anatomy of the upper lateral cartilages in the human newborn. Rhinology 1990; 28 (1) 41-45
- 3 Verwoerd CD, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL. Rhinosurgery in children: basic concepts. Facial Plast Surg 2007; 23 (4) 219-230
- 4 Burget GC, Menick FJ. Aesthetic Reconstruction of the Nose. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1994
- 5 Ortiz-Monasterio F, Olmedo A. Reconstruction of major nasal defects. Clin Plast Surg 1981; 8 (3) 565-586
- 6 Lang J, Bachmann C, Raabe S. Postnatal growth of the exterior nose [in German]. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 1987; 133 (1) 5-32
- 7 Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Schmitz JH. Three-dimensional study of growth and development of the nose. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997; 34 (4) 309-317
- 8 West KS, McNamara Jr JA. Changes in the craniofacial complex from adolescence to midadulthood: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 115 (5) 521-532
- 9 Verwoerd CD, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL. Rhinosurgery in children: developmental and surgical aspects of the growing nose. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 9: Doc05
- 10 Meeuwis J, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL, Verwoerd CD. Normal and abnormal nasal growth after partial submucous resection of the cartilaginous septum. Acta Otolaryngol 1993; 113 (3) 379-382
- 11 Denecke HJ, Meyer R. Plastische Operationen am Kopf und Hals. 1. Bd: Nasenplastik. Berlin: Göttingen Heidelberg; 1964: 286-302
- 12 Losee JE, Kirschner RE, Whitaker LA, Bartlett SP. Congenital nasal anomalies: a classification scheme. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113 (2) 676-689
- 13 Whitaker LA, Pashayan H, Reichman J. A proposed new classification of craniofacial anomalies. Cleft Palate J 1981; 18 (3) 161-176
- 14 Mühlbauer W, Schmidt A, Fairley J. Simultaneous construction of an internal and external nose in an infant with arhinia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 91 (4) 720-725
- 15 Meyer R. Total external and internal construction in arhinia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99 (2) 534-542
- 16 Burget GC. Preliminary review of pediatric nasal reconstruction with detailed report of one case. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (3) 907-918
- 17 Pittet B, Montandon D. Nasal reconstruction in children: a review of 29 patients. J Craniofac Surg 1998; 9 (6) 522-528
- 18 Cho CH, Shakibaei M, Merker HJ, Klein M. The rare malformation of nasal aplasia [in German]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2006; 10 (2) 106-117
- 19 Tessier P. Anatomical classification facial, cranio-facial and latero-facial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg 1976; 4 (2) 69-92
- 20 Cohen Jr MM, Sedano HO, Gorlin RJ, Jirásek JE. Frontonasal dysplasia (median cleft face syndrome): comments on etiology and pathogenesis. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1971; 7 (7) 117-119
- 21 Sedano HO, Cohen Jr MM, Jirasek J, Gorlin RJ. Frontonasal dysplasia. J Pediatr 1970; 76 (6) 906-913
- 22 DeMyer W. The median cleft face syndrome. Differential diagnosis of cranium bifidum occultum, hypertelorism, and median cleft nose, lip, and palate. Neurology 1967; 17 (10) 961-971
- 23 Naidich TP, Osborn RE, Bauer B, Naidich MJ. Median cleft face syndrome: MR and CT data from 11 children. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12 (1) 57-64
- 24 Gurley JM, Pilgram T, Perlyn CA, Marsh JL. Long-term outcome of autogenous rib graft nasal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108 (7) 1895-1905 , discussion 1906–1907
- 25 Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982; 69 (3) 412-422
- 26 Mulliken JB. Diagnosis and natural history of hemangiomas. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, , eds. Vascular Birthmarks: Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1988: 41
- 27 Mulliken JB, Enjolras O. Congenital hemangiomas and infantile hemangioma: missing links. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50 (6) 875-882
- 28 Finn MC, Glowacki J, Mulliken JB. Congenital vascular lesions: clinical application of a new classification. J Pediatr Surg 1983; 18 (6) 894-900
- 29 Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Burrows PE. Vascular anomalies. Curr Probl Surg 2000; 37 (8) 517-584
- 30 Kum JJ, Khan ZA. Propranolol inhibits growth of hemangioma-initiating cells but does not induce apoptosis. Pediatr Res 2014; 75 (3) 381-388
- 31 D'Angelo G, Lee H, Weiner RI. cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the mitogenic action of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in capillary endothelial cells by blocking Raf activation. J Cell Biochem 1997; 67 (3) 353-366
- 32 Sommers Smith SK, Smith DM. Beta blockade induces apoptosis in cultured capillary endothelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2002; 38 (5) 298-304
- 33 Lou Y, Peng WJ, Cao Y, Cao DS, Xie J, Li HH. The effectiveness of propranolol in treating infantile hemangiomas: A Meta-analysis including 35 studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; ; 10.1111/bcp.12235
- 34 Hohenleutner S, Badur-Ganter E, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner U. Long-term results in the treatment of childhood hemangioma with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: an evaluation of 617 cases. Lasers Surg Med 2001; 28 (3) 273-277
- 35 Amer TA, Elwakil TF, Elbasiouny MS. Open rhinoplasty for treatment of nasal tip haemangioma. Eur J Plast Surg 2007; 30: 67-73
- 36 Warren SM, Longaker MT, Zide BM. The subunit approach to nasal tip hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109 (1) 25-30
- 37 Chang CJ, Achauer BM, VanderKam VM. Reconstruction of head and neck hemangiomas with tissue expansion in the pediatric population. Ann Plast Surg 1997; 38 (1) 15-18
- 38 Calobrace MB, Downey SE. Calvarial deformity and remodeling following prolonged scalp expansion in a child. Ann Plast Surg 1997; 39 (2) 186-189
- 39 El-Saadi MM, Nasr MA. The effect of tissue expansion on skull bones in the paediatric age group from 2 to 7 years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61 (4) 413-418
- 40 Yu Y, Fuhr J, Boye E , et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and adipogenesis in hemangioma involution. Stem Cells 2006; 24 (6) 1605-1612
- 41 Folkman J, D'Amore PA. Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis?. Cell 1996; 87 (7) 1153-1155
- 42 Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (3) 643-654
- 43 Jackson IT, Carreño R, Potparic Z, Hussain K. Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 91 (7) 1216-1230
- 44 Kubiena H, Cejna M, Kreuzer S, Schoder M, Frey M. Interdisciplinary management of craniofacial vascular malformations. Eur J Plast Surg 2007; 30: 81-86
- 45 Ernemann U, Kramer U, Miller S , et al. Current concepts in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies. Eur J Radiol 2010; 75 (1) 2-11
- 46 Ernemann U, Hoffmann J, Breuninger H, Reinert S, Skalej M. Interdisciplinary concept for classification and treatment of vascular anomalies in the head and neck [in German]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2002; 6 (6) 402-409
- 47 Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Ros Z, Perez-Higueras A. Giant vascular malformation of the face in a premature infant: complete resolution by embolization. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 (10) 1519-1520
- 48 Smith LP, Roy S. Treatment strategy for iatrogenic nasal vestibular stenosis in young children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70 (8) 1369-1373
- 49 Bozkurt M, Kapi E, Kuvat SV, Selçuk CT. Repair of nostril stenosis using a triple flap combination: boomerang, nasolabial, and vestibular rotation flaps. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49 (6) 753-758
- 50 Blandini D, Tremolada C, Beretta M, Mascetti M. Iatrogenic nostril stenosis: aesthetic correction using a vestibular labial mucosa flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 95 (3) 569-571
- 51 Menger DJ, Lohuis PJ, Kerssemakers S, Nolst Trenité GJ. Postoperative management of nasal vestibular stenosis: the custom-made vestibular device. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005; 7 (6) 381-386
- 52 Götte K, Hörmann K, Schmoll J, Hiltmann WD. Congenital nasal hemangiopericytoma: intrauterine, intraoperative, and histologic findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999; 108 (6) 589-593