Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376329
Biomarkers Affected by Impact Severity during Osteochondral Injury
Publication History
09 December 2013
06 March 2014
Publication Date:
23 May 2014 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/jks/201503/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0034-1376329_130075oa-1.jpg)
Abstract
Osteochondral injury elevates the risk for developing posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the relationship between impact severity during injury to cell viability and biomarkers possibly involved in PTOA. Osteochondral explants (6 mm, n = 72) were harvested from cadaveric femoral condyles (N = 6). Using a test machine, each explant (except for No Impact) was subjected to mechanical impact at a velocity of 100 mm/s to 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, or 1.25 mm maximum compression corresponding to Low, Low-Moderate, Moderate, Moderate-High, or High impact groups. Cartilage cell viability, collagen content, and proteoglycan content were assessed at either day 0 or after 12 days of culture. Culture media were assessed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); nitric oxide; granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); interferon gamma (IFNγ); interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -15, -18; interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10); keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant (KC); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and matrix metalloproteinase-2, -3, -8, -9, -13. There was increased impact energy absorbed for the High group compared with the Moderate-High group, Moderate group, and Low-Moderate group (p = 0.011, 0.048, 0.008, respectively). At day 0, there was decreased area cell viability for the High group compared with the Low-Moderate group (p = 0.035). At day 1, PGE2 was increased for the High group compared with the Moderate, Low-Moderate, Low, and No Impact groups (p ≤ 0.01). Cumulative PGE2 was increased for the Moderate-High and High groups compared with the Moderate, Low-Moderate, Low, and No Impact groups (p ≤ 0.036). At day 1, MCP-1 was increased for the Moderate-High and High groups compared with the Low and No Impact groups (p ≤ 0.032). Impact to osteochondral explants resulted in multiple levels of severity. PGE2 was sensitive to impact severity which may justify its use as a clinically measurable biomarker after joint injury for monitoring early PTOA.
-
References
- 1 Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC , et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41 (5) 778-799
- 2 Brown TD, Johnston RC, Saltzman CL, Marsh JL, Buckwalter JA. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: a first estimate of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease. J Orthop Trauma 2006; 20 (10) 739-744
- 3 Buckwalter JA. Articular cartilage injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002; (402) 21-37
- 4 Buckwalter JA, Brown TD. Joint injury, repair, and remodeling: roles in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004; (423) 7-16
- 5 Thomas TP, Anderson DD, Mosqueda TV , et al. Objective CT-based metrics of articular fracture severity to assess risk for posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24 (12) 764-769
- 6 Farndale RW, Buttle DJ, Barrett AJ. Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethylene blue. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 883 (2) 173-177
- 7 Reddy GK, Enwemeka CS. A simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues. Clin Biochem 1996; 29 (3) 225-229
- 8 Anderson DD, Mosqueda T, Thomas T, Hermanson EL, Brown TD, Marsh JL. Quantifying tibial plafond fracture severity: absorbed energy and fragment displacement agree with clinical rank ordering. J Orthop Res 2008; 26 (8) 1046-1052
- 9 Backus JD, Furman BD, Swimmer T , et al. Cartilage viability and catabolism in the intact porcine knee following transarticular impact loading with and without articular fracture. J Orthop Res 2011; 29 (4) 501-510
- 10 Waters NP, Stoker AM, Carson WL , et al. Effects of impact velocity and maximum strain on articular cartilage matrix composition, cell viability, and culture media. Paper 1088 presented at: 55th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. Las Vegas, NV; 2009
- 11 Waters NP, Stoker AM, Pfeiffer FM , et al. Effects of impact velocity and maximum strain on articular cartilage material properties, extracellular matrix, and tissue inflammation. Paper 942 Presented at: 56th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. New Orleans, LA; March 6–9, 2010
- 12 Joos H, Hogrefe C, Rieger L, Dürselen L, Ignatius A, Brenner RE. Single impact trauma in human early-stage osteoarthritic cartilage: implication of prostaglandin D2 but no additive effect of IL-1β on cell survival. Int J Mol Med 2011; 28 (2) 271-277
- 13 Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A , et al. Mechanical stress and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage. Biorheology 2008; 45 (3-4) 301-320
- 14 Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A , et al. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage explants under compression: mPGES-1 is a mechanosensitive gene. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8 (4) R135
- 15 Waters NP, Stoker AM, Pfeiffer FM , et al. Biological effects of impact maximum compression on osteochondral explants. Paper 829 presented at: 58th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society; San Francisco, CA; 2012