PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2012; 33(06): 426-431
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1299749
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

3-min All-out Exercise Test for Running

R. W. Pettitt
1   Viola Holbrook Human Performance Research Laboratory, Minnesota State University, Mankato, United States
,
N. Jamnick
1   Viola Holbrook Human Performance Research Laboratory, Minnesota State University, Mankato, United States
,
I. E. Clark
1   Viola Holbrook Human Performance Research Laboratory, Minnesota State University, Mankato, United States
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted after revision 08. Dezember 2011

Publikationsdatum:
15. März 2012 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

A 3-min all-out exercise test (3 MT) estimates critical power and the curvature constant for cycle ergometry validly; however, the mode of running has not been studied. We examined the efficacy of a running 3 MT, using global positioning sensor data, to predict outdoor racing performance. Women distance runners (n=14) were tested at preseason within a month prior to competing officially in either short or middle distance races. Critical speed (CS) (4.46±0.41 m/s) estimated from the 3 MT did not differ (p>0.05) from the mean speed of gas exchange threshold and maximum oxygen uptake (50%Δ), as derived from a custom treadmill graded exercise test (4.55±0.24 m/s). Runners with higher curvature constants (D’), estimated from the 3 MT, raced at higher speeds above CS (R2 ranging 0.63–0.99). Race speeds for 800 m exceeded the speed for 150 s of all-out running, rendering 800 m estimates less accurate. Conversely, predicted times for the other distances yielded strong intraclass correlations (α) and low coefficients of variation (%) values (α=0.74/1.7% and α=0.87/2.1%, for 1 600 and 5 000 m, respectively). Use of the running 3 MT for performances ranging ~2.5–18 min is recommended.

Key words

anaerobic capacity - critical power - critical velocity - maximal steady state - VO2max
 

  • References

  • 1 Amann M. Central and peripheral fatigue: interaction during cycling exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 2039-2045
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 2020-2027
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scan J Rehab Med 1970; 2: 92-98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bundle MW, Hoyt RW, Weyand PG. High-speed running performance: a new approach to assessment and prediction. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 1955-1962
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Burnley M, Doust JH, Vanhatalo A. A 3-min all-out test to determine peak oxygen uptake and the maximal steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1995-2003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Burnley M, Jones AM. Oxygen uptake kinetics as determinant of sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2007; 7: 63-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Daniels JT. Daniels’ Running Formula. 2nd Ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Daniels JT. A physiologist’s view of running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 332-338
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 di Prampero PE. The concept of critical velocity: a brief analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999; 80: 162-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Francis Jr JT, Quinn TJ, Amann M, Laroche DP. Defining intensity domains from the end power of a 3-min all-out cycling test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1769-1775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Gaesser GA, Carnevale TJ, Garfinkel A, Walter DO, Womack CJ. Estimation of critical power with nonlinear and linear models. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1430-1438
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Herman CW, Nagelkirk PR, Pivarnik JM, Womack CJ. Regulating oxygen uptake during high-intensity exercise using heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1751-1754
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hill AV. The physiological basis of athletic records. British Association for the Advancement of Science: Report of the 93 rd Meeting 1925; 156-173
    PubMed
  • 15 Hill DW. The critical power concept. A review. Sports Med 1993; 16: 237-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hill DW, Poole DC, Smith JC. The relationship between power and the time to achieve VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 709-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med 2000; 30: 1-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Jackson AS, Blair SN, Mahar MT, Wier LT, Ross RM, Stutesville JE. Prediction of functional aerobic capacity without exercise testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 863-870
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Johnson TM, Sexton PJ, Placek AM, Murray SR, Pettitt RW. Reliability analysis of the 3-min all-out exercise test for cycle ergometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 2375-2380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jones AM, Burnley M. Effect of exercise modality on VO2 kinetics. In: Jones AM, Poole DC. eds Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Sport, Exercise and Medicine. New York: Taylor & Francis Group of Routledge. 2005: 3-36
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Jones AM, Doust JH. A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running. J Sports Sci 1996; 14: 321-327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Morton RH, Poole DC. Critical power: implications for the determination of VO2 max and exercise tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1876-1890
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, DiMenna F, Fulford J, Poole DC. Muscle metabolic responses to exercise above and below the “critical power” assessed using 31P-MRS. Am J Physiol 2008; 294: R585-R593
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kennelly AE. An approximate law of fatigue in the speeds of racing animals. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 1906; 42: 275-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kirkeberg JM, Dalleck LC, Kamphoff CS, Pettitt RW. Validity of 3 protocols for verifying VO2max. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 266-270
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Midgley AW, Carroll S. Emergence of the verification phase procedure for confirming ‘true’ VO2max. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19: 313-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Miura A, Sato H, Whipp BJ, Fukuba Y. The effect of glycogen depletion on the curvature constant parameter of the power-duration curve for cycle ergometry. Ergonomics 2000; 43: 133-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Monod H, Scherrer J. The work capacity of a synergistic muscle group. Ergonomics 1965; 8: 329-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Moritani T, Nagata A, deVries HA, Muro M. Critical power as a measure of physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold. Ergonomics 1981; 24: 339-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Morton RH, Billat LV. The critical power model for intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 303-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Poole DC, Ward SA, Gardner GW, Whipp BJ. Metabolic and respiratory profile of the upper limit for prolonged exercise in man. Ergonomics 1988; 31: 1265-1279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Robergs RA. Simplified method and program for incremental exercise protocol development. J Exerc Physiol 2007; 10: 1-23
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Robergs RA, Dwyer D, Astorino T. Recommendations for improved data processing from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry. Sports Med 2010; 40: 95-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Vanhatalo A, Doust JH, Burnley M. Determination of critical power using a 3-min all-out cycling test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 548-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Influence of prior sprint exercise on the parameters of the ‘all-out critical power test’ in man. Exp Physiol 2008; 94: 255-263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Burnley M. Application of critical power in sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6: 128-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Whipp BJ, Huntsman DJ, Stoner N, Lamarra N, Wasserman KA. A constant which determines the duration of tolerance to high-intensity work. Fed Proc 1982; 41: 1591
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Whipp BJ, Ward SA. Quantifying intervention-related improvements in exercise tolerance. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1254-1260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar