3D imaging of the fetal face – Recommendations from the International 3D Focus Group

Key words

3 D ultrasound - fetus - face

• References

• 1 Pretorius DH, House M, Nelson TR et al. Evaluation of normal and abnormal lips in fetuses: Comparison between three- and two-dimensional sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 1233-1237
• 2 Merz E, Weber G, Bahlmann F et al. Application of transvaginal and abdominal three-dimensional ultrasound for the detection or exclusion of malformations of the fetal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 237-243
• 3 Rotten D, Levaillant JM. Two- and three-dimensional sonographic assessment of the fetal face. 1. A systematic analysis of the normal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 224-231
• 4 Rotten D, Levaillant JM. Two-and three-dimensional sonographic assessment of the fetal face. 2. Analysis of cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 402-411
• 5 Mittermayer C, Blaicher W, Brugger PC et al. Foetal facial clefts: Prenatal evaluation of lip and primary palate by 2D and 3D ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2004; 25: 120-125
• 6 Merz E, Welter C. 2D and 3D ultrasound evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal anomaly in the second and third trimesters in a level III center. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 9-16
• 7 Merz E. Current 3D/4D ultrasound technology in prenatal diagnosis. Eur Clinics Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 1: 184-193
• 8 Merz E, Welter C, Oberstein A. 3D/4D Ultrasound Assessment of Fetal Face Malfor-mations. Medimond – Bologna, Italy: 2008: 29-37
• 9 Merz E, Benoit B, Blaas HG et al. Standardization of three-dimensional images in obstetrics and gynecology: consensus statement. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 29: 697-703
• 10 Merz E, Miric-Tesanic D, Welter C. Value of the electronic scalpel (cut mode) in the evaluation of the fetal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 564-568
• 11 Benoit B, Chaoui R. Three-dimensional ultrasound with maximal mode rendering: a novel technique for the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones in second-trimester screening for Down Syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gyneco1 2005; 25: 19-24
• 12 Faro C, Benoit B, Wegrzyn P et al. Three-dimensional sonographic description of the fetal frontal bones and metopic suture. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 618-621
• 13 Achiron R, Gindes L, Zalel Y et al. Three- and four-dimensional ultrasound: new methods for evaluating fetal thoracic anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 32: 36-43
• 14 Sonek JD, Nicolaides KH. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of nasal bone abnormalities in three fetuses with Down syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 139-141
• 15 Cicero S, Avgidou K, Rembouskos G et al. Nasal bone in first-trimester screening for trisomy 21. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 109-114
• 16 Sonek J, Borenstein M, Downing C et al. Frontomaxillary facial angles in screening for trisomy 21 at 14–23 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 160.e1-160.e5
• 17 Borenstein M, Persico N, Kagan KO et al. Frontomaxillary facial angle in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 32: 5-11
• 18 Merz E. The fetal nasal bone in the first trimester – precise assessment using 3D sonography. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 365-366
• 19 Kagan KO, Cicero S, Staboulidou I et al. Fetal nasal bone in screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 and Turner syndrome at 11–13 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 33: 259-264
• 20 Campbell S, Lees C, Moscoso G et al. Ultrasound antenatal diagnosis of cleft palate by a new technique: the 3D “reverse face” view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 12-18
• 21 Benacerraf BR, Sadow PM, Barnewolt CE et al. Cleft of the secondary palate without cleft lip diagnosed with three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in a fetus with Fryns' syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 566-570
• 22 Platt LD, Devore GR, Pretorius DH et al. Improving cfleft palate/cleft lip antenatal diagnosis by 3-dimensional sonography: the “flipped face” view. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 1423-1430
• 23 Pilu G, Segata M. A novel technique for visualization of the normal and cleft fetal secondary palate: angled insonation and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 29: 166-169
• 24 Ramos GA, Romine LE, Gindes L et al. Evaluation of the Fetal Secondary Palate by 3-Dimensional Ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 357-364
• 25 Lee W, McNie B, Chaiworapongsa T et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic presentation of micrognathia. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 775-781
• 26 Dagklis T, Borenstein M, Peralta CF et al. Three-dimensional evaluation of mid-facial hypoplasia in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 261-265
• 27 Wong HS, Parker S, Tait J et al. Antenatal diagnosis of anopthalmia by three-dimensionl ultrasound: a novel application of the reverse face view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 32: 103-105
• 28 Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Martinez H et al. The fetal mandible: a 2D and 3D sonographic approach to the diagnosis of retrognathia and micrognathia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 122-130
• 29 Paladini D, Morra T, Teodoro A et al. Objective diagnosis of micrognathia in the fetus: the jaw index. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 382-386
• 30 Merz E. 3-D Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis. In: Merz E, (ed.) Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol.1: Obstetrics. Stuttgart-New York: Thieme; 2005: 515-528