Download PDF
Planta Med 2012; 78(6): 630-640
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298239
Analytical Studies
Original Papers
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Comparisons of Large (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and Small (Vaccinium oxycoccos L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Cranberry in British Columbia by Phytochemical Determination, Antioxidant Potential, and Metabolomic Profiling with Chemometric Analysis

Paula N. Brown1 , Christina E. Turi1 , Paul R. Shipley1 , Susan J. Murch1
  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
Further Information

Publication History

received August 3, 2011 revised January 4, 2012

accepted January 16, 2012

Publication Date:
15 February 2012 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Corrected by:

Erratum for: Comparisons of large (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and small (Vaccinium oxycoccos L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) cranberry in British Columbia by phytochemical determination, antioxidant potential, and metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysisPlanta Med 2012; 78(06): E21-E21
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298452

Abstract

There is a long history of use and modern commercial importance of large and small cranberries in North America. The central objective of the current research was to characterize and compare the chemical composition of 2 west coast small cranberry species traditionally used (Vaccinium oxycoccos L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) with the commercially cultivated large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) indigenous to the east coast of North America. V. oxycoccos and V. macrocarpon contained the 5 major anthocyanins known in cranberry; however, the ratio of glycosylated peonidins to cyanidins varied, and V. vitis-idaea did not contain measurable amounts of glycosylated peonidins. Extracts of all three berries were found to contain serotonin, melatonin, and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity was not found to correlate with indolamine levels while anthocyanin content showed a negative correlation, and vitamin C content positively correlated. From the metabolomics profiles, 4624 compounds were found conserved across V. macrocarpon, V. oxycoccos, and V. vitis-idaea with a total of approximately 8000–10 000 phytochemicals detected in each species. From significance analysis, it was found that 2 compounds in V. macrocarpon, 3 in V. oxycoccos, and 5 in V. vitis-idaea were key to the characterization and differentiation of these cranberry metabolomes. Through multivariate modeling, differentiation of the species was observed, and univariate statistical analysis was employed to provide a quality assessment of the models developed for the metabolomics data.

Key words

cranberry - Vaccinium spp. - Ericaceae - anthocyanins - melatonin - antioxidant - metabolomics

References

  • 1 Mabberley D J. The plant-book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Douglas G W, Meidinger D V, Pojar J. Illustrated flora of British Columbia, Volume 3: Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Onagraceae). Victoria: BC Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks and BC Ministry of Forests; 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Brown P N, Murch S J, Shipley P. Phytochemical diversity of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) cultivars by anthocyanin determination and metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysis.  J Agric Food Chem. 2012;  60 261-271
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Vander Kloet S P. The taxonomy of Vaccinium oxycoccos.  Rhodora. 1983;  85 1-44
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Jacquemart A L. Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (oxycoccos palustris Pers.) and Vaccinium microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (oxycoccos microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.).  J Ecol. 1997;  85 381-396
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Turner N J. Bog cranberry. Plants of Haida Gwaii. Winlaw: Sono Nis Press; 2004: 124
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Lätti A K, Riihinen K R, Jaakola L. Phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of a natural hybrid between bilberry and lingonberry (Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe).  Phytochemistry. 2011;  72 810-815
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Kuhnlein H V, Turner N J. Descriptions and uses of plant foods by indigenous peoples. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples: nutrition, botany, and use. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers; 1996: 173-174
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Hancock J F, Lyrene P, Finn C E, Vorsa N, Lobos G A. Blueberries and cranberries. In: Hancock J F, editor Temperate fruit crop breeding germplasm to genomics. East Lansing: Springer; 2008: 115-150
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Moerman D E. Native American ethnobotany. Portland: Timber Press; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Klein M A. Cranberry. In: Coates P M, Betz J M, Blackman M R, Cragg G M, Levine M, Moss J, White J D, editors Encyclopedia of dietary supplements. New York: Marcel Dekkar, Inc.; 2010: 193-201
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Jepson R G, Craig J C. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (Review).  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;  (1) CD001321
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Howell A B. Bioactive compounds in cranberries and their role in prevention of urinary tract infections.  Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;  51 732-737
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Huang Y, Nikolic D, Pendland S, Locklear T D, Mahady G B. Effects of cranberry extracts and ursolic acid derivatives on P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, COX-2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and the NF-κβ transcriptional response in vitro.  Pharm Biol. 2009;  47 18-25
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Pappas E, Schaich K M. Phytochemicals of cranberries and cranberry products: characterization, potential health effects, and processing stability.  Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009;  49 741-781
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Lehtonen H M, Lehtinen O, Suomela J P, Vitanen M, Kallio H. Flavonol glycosides of sea buckthorn (Hippophaeš rhamnoides ssp. sinensis) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) are bioavailable in humans and monoglucuronidated for excretion.  J Agric Food Chem. 2010;  58 620-627
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Lehtonen H M, Rantala M, Suomela J P, Vitanen M, Kallio H. Urinary excretion of the main anthocyanin in lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, and its metabolites.  J Agric Food Chem. 2009;  57 4447-4451
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Kylli P, Nohynek L, Puupponen-Pimiä R, Westerland-Wilkenson B, Leppanen T, Welling J, Moilanen E, Heinonen M. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and European cranberry (Vaccinium microcarpon) proanthocyanidins: isolation, identification, and bioactivities.  J Agric Food Chem. 2011;  59 3373-3384
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Krenn L, Steitz M, Schlicht C, Kurth H, Gaedcke F. Anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-rich extracts of berries in food supplements – analysis with problems.  Pharmazie. 2007;  62 803-812
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Hong V, Wrolstad R E. Detection of adulteration in commercial cranberry juice drinks and concentrates.  J Assoc Anal Chem. 1986;  69 208-213
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Nagy S, Wade R L. Methods to detect adulteration of fruit juice beverages, Volume 1. Auburndale: Agscience, Inc.; 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Woodward G, Kroon P, Cassidy A, Kay C. Anthocyanin stability and recovery: Implications for the analysis of clinical and experimental samples.  J Agric Food Chem. 2009;  57 5271-5278
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Chandra A, Rana J, Li Y. Separation, identification, quantification, and method validation of anthocyanins in botanical supplement raw materials by HPLC and HPLC−MS.  J Agric Food Chem. 2001;  49 3515-3521
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Zhang Z, Kou X, Fugal K, McLaughlin J. Comparison of HPLC methods for determination of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in bilberry extracts.  J Agric Food Chem. 2004;  52 688-691
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Borowksa E J, Mazur B, Kopciuch R G, Buszewki B. Polyphenol, anthocyanin and resveratrol mass fractions and antioxidant properties of cranberry cultivars.  Food Technol Biotechnol. 2009;  47 56-61
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Yao Y, Vieira A. Protective activities of Vaccinium antioxidants with potential relevance to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity.  Neurotoxicology. 2007;  28 93-100
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Seeram N P. Berry fruits: compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease.  J Agric Food Chem. 2008;  56 627-629
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Viskelis P, Rubinskienė M, Jasutienė I, Sarkinas A, Daubaras R, Cesoniene L. Anthocyanins, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and their press cakes.  J Food Sci. 2009;  74 C157-C161
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Zheng W, Wang S Y. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries.  J Agric Food Chem. 2003;  51 502-509
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Kähkönen M P, Hopia A I, Heinonen M. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity.  J Agric Food Chem. 2001;  49 4076-4082
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Boccalandro H E, González C V, Wunderlin D A, Silva M F. Melatonin levels, determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS, fluctuate during the day/night cycle in Vitis vinifera cv Malbec: evidence of its antioxidant role in fruits.  J Pineal Res. 2011;  51 226-232
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Vitalini S, Gardana C, Zanzotto A, Gelsomina F, Faoro F, Simonetti P, Iritti M. From vineyard to glass: agrochemicals enhance the melatonin and total polyphenol contents and antiradical activity of red wines.  J Pineal Res. 2011;  51 278-285
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Murch S J, Hall B A, Le C H, Saxena P K. Changes in the levels of indoleamine phytochemicals during véraison and ripening of wine grapes.  J Pineal Res. 2010;  49 95-100
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Dunn W B, Bailey N J C, Johnson H E. Measuring the metabolome: current analytical technologies.  Analyst. 2005;  130 606-625
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Hall R D, Vos C H R, Verhoeven H A, Harrigan G G, Goodacre R. Metabolomics for the assessment of functional diversity and quality traits in plants. In: Vaidyanathan S, Harrigan G G, Goodacre R, editors Metabolic profiling. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2005: 31-44
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Wishart D S. Applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and development.  Drugs RD. 2008;  9 307-322
    Google Scholar
  • 37 van der Kooy F, Maltese F, Hae Choi Y, Verpoorte R. Quality control of herbal material and phytopharmaceuticals with MS and NMR based metabolic fingerprinting.  Planta Med. 2009;  75 763-775
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Liang Y, Xie P, Chau F. Chromatographic fingerprinting and related chemometric techniques for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.  J Sep Sci. 2010;  33 410-421
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Brown P N, Shipley P R. Determination of anthocyanins in cranberry fruit and cranberry fruit products by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: single-laboratory validation.  J AOAC Int. 2011;  94 459-466
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Sánchez-Moreno C. Review: Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems.  Food Sci Technol Int. 2002;  8 121-137
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Asami D K, Hong Y J, Barrett D M, Mitchell A E. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn grown using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices.  J Agric Food Chem. 2003;  51 1237-1241
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Tuszynski J. CRAN – Package caTools. 2010 http://cran.r-project.org/web/pakcages/caTools/index.html Accessed June 3, 2011
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Hand D J, Till R J. A simple generalisation of the area under the ROC curve for multiple class classification problems.  Mach Learn. 2001;  45 171-186
    Google Scholar
  • 44 Tusher V G, Tibshirani R, Chu G. Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;  98 5116-5121
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Cole I, Cao J, Alan A, Saxena P K, Murch S F. Comparisons of Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and Scutellaria racemosa: genome size, antioxidant potential and phytochemistry.  Planta Med. 2008;  74 474-481
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Paredes S D, Korkmaz A, Manchester L C, Tan D X, Teiter R J. Phytomelatonin: a review.  J Exp Bot. 2009;  60 57-69
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Szajdek A, Borowska E J. Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of berry fruits: a review.  Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2008;  63 147-156
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Moyer R A, Hummer K E, Finn C E, Frei B, Wrolstad R E. Anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity in diverse small fruits: Vaccinium, Rubus, and Ribes.  J Agric Food Chem. 2002;  50 519-525
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Manchester L C, Tan D X, Reiter R J, Park W, Monis K, Qi W. High levels of melatonin in the seeds of edible plants: possible function in germ tissue protection.  Life Sci. 2000;  67 3023-3029
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Westerhuis J A, Hoefsloot H C J, Smit S, Vis D J, Smilde A K, van Velzen E F F, van Duijnhoven J P M, van Dorsten F A. Assessment of PLSDA cross validation.  Metabolomics. 2008;  4 81-89
    Google Scholar

Susan J. Murch

Department of Chemistry
University of British Columbia

Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way

Kelowna, British Columbia V1V1V7

Canada

Phone: +1 25 08 07 95 66

Fax: +1 25 08 07 92 49

Email: susan.murch@ubc.ca