Exercise Dose Response in Muscle

Abstract

Exercise increases peak VO₂ partially through muscle adaptations. However, understanding muscle adaptations related to exercise dose is incomplete. This study investigated exercise training dose on capillaries per fiber and capillaries per area; and citrate synthase from vastus lateralis and related both to changes in peak VO₂. This randomized trial compared 3 exercise doses: low amount-moderate intensity (n=40)_, low amount-high intensity (n=47), high amount-high intensity (n=41), and a control group (n=35). Both measures of capillary supply increased in all exercise groups (p<0.05). Low amount-high intensity and high amount-high intensity improved citrate synthase (p<0.05) and the low amount-moderate intensity citrate synthase approached significance (p=0.059). Muscle improvements were only related to improvements in peak VO₂ in high amount-high intensity (citrate synthase, r=0.304; capillaries:fiber, r= − 0.318; p<0.05 and capillaries/mm² r= − 0.310, p<0.05). These data suggest muscle adaptations occur following both low and high exercise doses, but are only related to improved peak VO₂ following high amount-high intensity training.

Key words

exercise training - capillary density - muscle adaptations - citrate synthase

• References

• 1 Andersen P, Henriksson J. Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise. J Physiol 1977; 270: 677-690
• 2 Bergstrom J. Percutaneous needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in physiological and clinical research. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975; 35: 609-616
• 3 Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, Barlow CE, Macera CA, Paffenbarger RS, Gibbons LW. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276: 205-210
• 4 Chi MM, Hintz CS, Coyle EF, Martin 3rd WH, Ivy JL, Nemeth PM, Holloszy JO, Lowry OH. Effects of detraining on enzymes of energy metabolism in individual human muscle fibers. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: C276-C287
• 5 Church TS, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Blair SN. Cardiovascular fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2114-2120
• 6 Duscha BD, Slentz CA, Johnson JL, Houmard JA, Bensimhon DR, Knetzger KJ, Kraus WE. Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak VO₂ in middle age men and women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Chest 2005; 128: 2788-2793
• 7 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
• 8 Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116: 1081-1093
• 9 Hepple RT, Mackinnon LM, Goodman JM, Thomas SG, Plyley MJ. Resistance and aerobic training in older men: effects on VO₂peak and capillary supply to skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1305-1310
• 10 Holland WL, Brozinick JT, Wang LP, Hawkins ED, Sargent KM, Liu Y, Narra K, Hoehn KL, Knotts TA, Siesky A, Nelson DH, Karathanasis SK, Fontenot GK, Birnbaum MJ, Summers SA. Inhibition of ceramide synthesis ameliorates glucocorticoid, saturated fat, and obesity induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2007; 5: 167-179
• 11 Holloszy JO, Booth FW. Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in muscle. Annu Rev Physiol 1976; 38: 273-291
• 12 Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 831-838
• 13 Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Kraus WE. Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 101-106
• 14 Ingjer F. Effects of endurance training on muscle fibre ATP-ase activity, capillary supply and mitochondrial content in man. J Physiol 1979; 294: 419-432
• 15 Johnson JL, Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Samsa GP, Duscha BD, Aiken LB, McCartney JS, Tanner CJ, Kraus WE. Exercise training amount and intensity effects on metabolic syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise). Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1759-1766
• 16 Kraus WE, Torgan CE, Duscha BD, Norris J, Brown SA, Cobb FR, Bales CW, Annex BH, Samsa GP, Houmard JA, Slentz CA. Studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise (STRRIDE). Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1774-1784
• 17 Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA. Exercise training dose intensity effects on plasma lipoproteins: Results from STRRIDE, a randomized controlled clinical trial. New Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1483-1492
• 18 Passmore RJD, Durnin J. Human energy expenditure. Physiol Rev 1995; 35: 801-810
• 19 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee . Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Washington DC: 2008. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/
• 20 Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Lee IM. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation 2000; 102: 975-980
• 21 Slentz CA, Aiken LB, Houmard JA, Bales CW, Johnson JL, Tanner CJ, Duscha BD, Kraus WE. Inactivity, exercise and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 1613-1618
• 22 Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Johnson JL, Bateman LA, Tanner CJ, McCartney JS, Duscha BD, Kraus WE. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 432-442
• 23 Smith IJ, Huffman KM, Durheim MT, Duscha BD, Kraus WE. Sex-specific alterations in mRNA level of key lipid metabolism enzymes in skeletal muscle of overweight and obese subjects following endurance exercise. Physiol Genomics 2009; 36: 149-157
• 24 Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2518-2527