Anforderungen an ein effektives Adherence-Persistence-Programm am Beispiel von oralen Antidiabetika bei Diabetes mellitus Typ 2-Patienten

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung: Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, ein systematisches Review zur medikationsbezogenen Non-Adherence (NA)/Non-Persistence (NP) von Patienten und zur Effektivität von Adherence-/Persistence-Programmen (AP-Programmen) am Beispiel von oralen Antidiabetika (OAD) zur Behandlung von Diabetes Mellitus Typ 2 (DM 2) durchzuführen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Konzeption von AP-Programmen und möglichen konzeptionsbedingten Gründen für deren Effektivitätsunterschiede. Methodik: Es wurde ein systematisches Review (Medline/NML und EMBASE) der verfügbaren Literatur in Bezug auf OAD in der Indikation DM 2 in den zwei Themenbereichen „Ausmaß von NA/NP“ und „Evaluation von AP-Programmen“ durchgeführt. Dabei wurden lediglich AP-Programme in das Review aufgenommen, die explizit auch die medikationsbezogene Adherence/Persistence adressieren. Die identifizierten Studien zu AP-Programmen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer methodischen Konzeption und ihrer Effektivität (2 Outcomes: Adherence-Persistence-Steigerung und/oder Verbesserung klinischer Outcomes) bewertet. Ergebnisse: In das Review wurden 62 Studien bezüglich des NA-/NP-Ausmaßes sowie 15 Studien, die insgesamt 19 unterschiedliche AP-Programme evaluieren, einbezogen. Laut Studienmittel sind je nach verwendetem Messkonzept 29,1 – 39,2 % der untersuchten Patienten von NA und 56,1 % der betrachteten Patienten von NP betroffen; die hohe NP-Rate ist allerdings in zahlreichen Studien auf eine sehr restriktive Definition von Persistence zurückzuführen. Vier Dimensionen der Programmkonzeption, die die Effektivität eines AP-Programms entscheidend beeinflussen, konnten identifiziert werden: 1. Messung von Adherence/Persistence/klinischen Outcomes innerhalb des Programms, 2. Messung von NA-/NP-Ursachen, 3. Qualität der angewandten Interventionen und 4. Programmevaluation. Die Autoren definierten 5 detaillierte methodische Anforderungen für jede dieser 4 Dimensionen und ein darauf basierendes Scoring-Modell (Minimum-Score = 0, Maximum-Score = 20). Die 19 analysierten AP-Programme wurden anhand dieser Scoring-Logik evaluiert (Ø Score = 8,05): Score < 5: drei Interventionen – keines der Programme (0 %) konnte die analysierten Outcomes optimieren; Score 5 – 9: acht Interventionen – 6 (75 %) zeigten eine Verbesserung der analysierten Outcomes; 2 Programme hatten keine Effekte; Score > 9: acht Interventionen – sämtliche Programme (100 %) konnten die Adherence/Persistence und/oder klinische Outcomes verbessern. Schlussfolgerungen: AP-Programme werden in Zukunft in der deutschen Versorgungslandschaft eine deutlich größere Rolle als bislang spielen. Die bislang wenig beeindruckende Evidenz zur Effektivität von AP-Programmen zeigt den Bedarf einer tiefgehenden Analyse von Faktoren, die die Effektivität dieser Programme bestimmen. Das entwickelte Scoring-Modell kann hierfür erste Anhaltspunkte bieten.

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this review is 1. to give an overview about the extent of medication-based nonadherence (NA)/nonpersistence (NP) related to oral antidiabetics (OAD) in Diabetes mellitus type II (DM 2) therapy and 2. to evaluate the effectiveness of adherence interventions (AI) aimed to reduce NA/NP in OAD therapy in relation to their methodological quality. Method: A systematic review of DM 2 studies regarding the extent of NA/NP concerning OAD and of AI effectiveness studies was conducted (Medline/NML and Embase). Only interventions aiming to improve medication adherence/persistence were included. All AI were evaluated regarding their methodological quality and their effectiveness (2 outcomes: adherence/persistence and clinical outcomes). Results: All in all, 62 studies evaluating the NA/NP extent in OAD and 15 publications evaluating 19 different AI were included in this review. According to the study mean, NA affects 29.1 % to 39.2 % and NP affects 56.1 % of the DM 2 patients; naturally, extent of NA/NP depends both on its definition and used NA/NP measures. Four dimensions of the methodological quality of AI were identified: 1. measurement of adherence/persistence/clinical outcomes, 2. measurement of NA/NP causes, 3. use of effective/validated intervention measures, 4. effective program evaluation. The authors defined 5 detailed methodological requirements per dimension and, based on this, developed a corresponding scoring model (MIN Score 0, MAX score 20). All 19 AI programs were evaluated in the scoring model (average score 8.05): Score < 5: 3 AI – no AI (0 %) with adherence/persistence/blood glucose level improvement; Score 5 – 9: 8 AI – 6 AI (75 %) with improvement in adherence/persistence/blood glucose levels; Score > 9: 8 AI – all AI (100 %) improved adherence and/or blood glucose levels. Conclusion: In future, AI will play a much more important part than nowadays in the German health care system. However, the existing evidence concerning their limited effectiveness shows that a lot of research is needed in order to understand factors explain a program’s effectiveness. The scoring model provides first implications for the methodical evaluation of AI.

Schlüsselwörter

Non-Adherence - Non-Compliance - Non-Persistence - Adherence-Programme - Diabetes

Key words

nonadherence - noncompliance - nonpersistence - adherence programs/interventions - diabetes

Literatur

• 1 Grossmann M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.  Journal of Political Economy. 1972;  80 (2) 223-255
• 2 Folland S, Goodman A, Stano M. The Economics of health and Health Care. 3. Aufl. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River;
• 3 World Health Organization .Adherence to long-term therapies. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2003
• 4 Horne R, Weinman J, Barber N et al. Concordance, adherence and compliance in medicine taking. Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D 2005
• 5 Cramer J A, Roy A, Burrell A et al. Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions.  Value Health. 2008;  11 (1) 44-47
• 6 Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication.  N Engl J Med. 2005;  353 487-497
• 7 National Council on Patient Information and Education .Enhancing Prescription Medicine Adherence: A National Action Plan. The NCPIE Coalition; 2007
• 8 Krueger K P, Berger B A, Felkey B. Medication adherence and persistence: a comprehensive review.  Adv Ther. 2005;  22 (4) 313-356
• 9 Wilke T, Moock J, Müller S et al. Nonadherence in outpatient thrombosis prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparins after major orthopedic surgery.  Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 2010;  468 (9) 2437-2453
• 10 Haynes R B, Ackloo E, Sahota N et al. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2008
• 11 Cleemput I, Kesteloot K, DeGeest S. A review of the literature on the economics of noncompliance.  Health Policy. 2001;  59 (1) 65-94
• 12 Salas M, Hughes D, Zuluaga A et al. Cost of Medication Nonadherence in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.  Value Health. 2009;  12 (6) 915-922
• 13 White T J, Vanderplas A, Chang E et al. The cost of nonadherence to oral antihyperglycemic medication in individuals with diabetes mellitus and concomitant diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in a managed care environment.  Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2004;  12 (3) 181-188
• 14 Gorenoi V, Schönermark M P, Hagen A. HTA-Bericht: Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Adherence in der Arzneimitteltherapie. Deutsches Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information; 2007
• 15 Berg J S, Dischler J, Wagner D J et al. Medication compliance: a healthcare problem.  Ann Pharmacother. 1993;  27 (9 Suppl) 1-24
• 16 Rothenbacher D, Rüter G, Saam S et al. Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Results in 12 practices of general practitioners.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2002;  127 (22) 1183-1187
• 17 Turner R C, Cull C A, Frighi V. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49).  JAMA. 1999;  281 (21) 2005-2012
• 18 DeFronzo R A. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Ann Intern Med. 2000;  133 (1) 73-74
• 19 Stephens J M, Botteman M F, Hay J W. Economic impact of antidiabetic medications and glycemic control on managed care organizations: a review of the literature.  J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;  12 (2) 130-142
• 20 Wagner E H, Sandhu N, Newton K M et al. Effect of improved glycemic control on health care costs and utilization.  JAMA. 2001;  285 (2) 182-189
• 21 Matthaei S, Bierwirth R, Fritsche A et al. Medikamentöse antihyperglykämische Therapie der Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Update der Evidenzbasierten Leitlinie der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft.  Diabetologie. 2009;  4 32-64
• 22 Hader C, Beischer W, Braun A et al. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie: Diabetes mellitus im Alter.  Geriatrie Journal. 2004;  4 13-18
• 23 Rubin R R, Peyrot M, Siminerio L M. Health care and patient-reported outcomes: results of the cross-national Diabetes attitudes, wishes and needs (DAWN) study.  Diabetes Care. 2006;  29 (6) 1249-1255
• 24 Renders C M, Valk G D, Griffin S J et al. Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2009
• 25 Kiblinger L, Braza N L. The impact of diabetes education on improving patient outcomes.  Insulin. 2007;  2 (1) 24-30
• 26 Littenberg B, MacLean C D, Hurowitz L. The use of adherence aids by adults with diabetes: a cross-sectional survey.  BMC Fam Pract. 2006;  7 1
• 27 Rosen M I, Rigsby M O, Salahi J T et al. Electronic monitoring and counseling to improve medication adherence.  Behav Res Ther. 2004;  42 409-422
• 28 Kardas P. The DIACOM study (effect of dosing frequency of oral antidiabetic agents on the compliance and biochemical control of type 2 diabetes.  Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;  7 (6) 722-728
• 29 Thiebaud P, Demand M, Wolf S A et al. Impact of disease mangement on utilization and adherence with drugs and tests: the case of diabetes treatment in the Florida: a Healthy State (FAHS) program.  Diabetes Care. 2008;  31 (9) 1717-1722
• 30 Piette J D, Weinberger M, McPhee S J et al. Do automated calls with nurse follow-up improve self-care and glycemic control among vulnerable patients with diabetes?.  Am J Med. 2000;  108 (1) 20-27
• 31 Charpentier G, Fleury F, Dubroca I et al. Electronic pill-boxes in the evaluation of oral hypoglycemic agent compliance.  Diabetes Metab. 2005;  31 (2) 189-195
• 32 Skaer T L, Sclar D A, Markowski D J et al. Effect of value-added utilities on prescription refill compliance and Medicaid health care expenditures – a study of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.  J Clin Pharm Ther. 1993;  18 (4) 295-299
• 33 Grant R W, Devita N G, Singer D E et al. Improving adherence and reducing medication discrepancies in patients with diabetes.  Ann Pharmacother. 2003;  37 (7 – 8) 962-969
• 34 Odegard P S, Goo A, Hummel J et al. Caring for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: a randomized pharmacist intervention.  Ann Pharmacother. 2005;  39 (3) 433-440
• 35 Vimalavathini R, Agarwal S M, Gitanjali B. Educational program for patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus receiving free monthly supplies of insulin improves knowledge and attitude, but not adherence.  Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2008;  28 (3) 86-90
• 36 Albisser A M, Harris R I, Albisser J B et al. The impact of initiatives in education, self-management training, and computer-assisted self-care on outcomes in diabetes disease management.  Diabetes Technol Ther. 2001;  3 (4) 571-579
• 37 Cho J H, Lee H C, Lim D J et al. Mobile communication using a mobile phone with a glucometer for glucose control in type 2 patients with diabetes: as effective as an internet-based glucose monitoring system.  J Telemed Telecare. 2009;  15 (2) 77-82
• 38 Simmons D, Upjohn M, Gamble G D. Can medication packaging improve glycemic control and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes?.  Diabetes Care. 2000;  23 (2) 153-156
• 39 Kirwin J L, Cunningham R J, Sequist T D. Pharmacist Recommendations to Improve the Quality of Diabetes Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial.  J Manag Care Pharm. 2010;  16 (2) 104-113
• 40 Matsuyama J R, Mason B J, Jue S G. Pharmacists’ interventions using an electronic medication-event monitoring device’s adherence data versus pill counts.  Ann Pharmacother. 1993;  27 (7 – 8) 851-855
• 41 Mason B J, Matsuyama J R, Jue S G. Assessment of Sulfonylurea Adherence and Metabolic Control.  Diabetes Educ. 1995;  21 (1) 52-57
• 42 Paes A H, Bakker A, Soe-Agnie C J. Measurement of patient compliance.  Pharma World Sci. 1998;  20 (2) 73-77
• 43 Brown J B, Nichols G A, Glauber H S et al. Ten-year follow-up of antidiabetic drug use, nonadherence, and mortality in a defined population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Clin Ther. 1999;  21 (6) 1045-1057
• 44 Khattab M S, Aboifotouh M A, Khan M Y et al. Compliance and control of diabetes in a family practice setting, Saudi Arabia.  East Mediterr Health J. 1999;  5 755-765
• 45 Sclar D A, Robison L M, Skaer T L et al. Sulfonylurea pharmacotherapy regimen adherence in a Medicaid population: influence of age, gender, and race.  Diabetes Educ. 1999;  25 (4) 531-532
• 46 Venturini F, Nichol M B, Sung J C et al. Compliance with sulfonylureas in a health maintenance organization: a pharmacy record-based study.  Ann Pharmacother. 1999;  33 (3) 281-288
• 47 Ciechanowski P S, Katon W J, Russo J E. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs.  Arch Intern Med. 2000;  160 (21) 3278-3285
• 48 Boccuzzi S J, Wogen J, Fox J et al. Utilization of oral hypoglycemic agents in a drug-insured U. S. population.  Diabetes Care. 2001;  24 (8) 1411-1415
• 49 Catalan V S, Couture J A, LeLorier J. Predictors of persistence of use of the novel antidiabetic agent acarbose.  Arch Intern Med. 2001;  161 1106-1112
• 50 Dailey G, Kim M S, Lian J F. Patient compliance and persistence with antihyperglycemic drug regimens: evaluation of a medicaid patient population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Clin Ther. 2001;  23 (8) 1311-1320
• 51 Dailey G, Kim M S, Lian J F. Patient compliance and persistence with anti-hyperglycemic therapy: evaluation of a population of type 2 diabetic patients.  J Int Med Res. 2002;  30 (1) 71-79
• 52 Dezii C M, Kawabata H, Tran M. Effects of once-daily and twice-daily dosing on adherence with prescribed glipizide oral therapy for type 2 diabetes.  South Med J. 2002;  95 (1) 68-71
• 53 Donnan P T, MacDonald T M, Morris A D. Adherence to prescribed oral hypoglycaemic medication in a population of patients with Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.  Diabet Med. 2002;  19 (4) 279-284
• 54 Evans J M, Donnan P T, Morris A D. Adherence to oral hypoglycaemic agents prior to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.  Diabet Med. 2002;  19 (8) 685-688
• 55 Melikian C, White T J, Vanderplas A et al. Adherence to oral antidiabetic therapy in a managed care organiziation: a comparison of monotherapy, combination therapy, and fixed-dose combination therapy.  Clin Ther. 2002;  24 (3) 460-467
• 56 Morningstar B A, Sketris I S, Kephart G C et al. Variation in pharmacy prescription refill adherence measures by type of oral antihyperglycaemic drug therapy in seniors in Nova Scotia, Canada.  J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;  27 (3) 213-220
• 57 Schectman J M, Nadkarni M M, Voss J D. The association between diabetes metabolic control and drug adherence in an indigent population.  Diabetes Care. 2002;  25 (6) 1015-1021
• 58 Winkler A, Teuscher A U, Mueller B et al. Monotoring adherence to prescribed medication in type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas.  Swiss Med Wkly. 2002;  132 (27 – 28) 379-385
• 59 Grant R W, Devita N G, Singer D E et al. Polypharmacy and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes.  Diabetes Care. 2003;  26 (5) 1408-1412
• 60 Guillausseau P J. Influence of oral antidiabetic drugs compliance on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. A survey in general practice.  Diabetes Metab. 2003;  29 (1) 79-81
• 61 Hernández-Ronquillo L, Téllez-Zenteno J F, Garduño-Espinosa J et al. Factors associated with therapy noncompliance in type-2 diabetes patients.  Salud Publica Mex. 2003;  45 (3) 191-197
• 62 Kuo Y F, Raji M A, Markides K S et al. Inconsistent use of diabetes medications, diabetes complications, and mortality in older mexican americans over a 7-year period: data from the Hispanic established population for the epidemiologic study of the elderly.  Diabetes Care. 2003;  26 (11) 3054-3060
• 63 Rajagopalan R, Joyce A, Ollendorf D et al. Medication compliance in type 2 diabetes patients: retrospective data analysis.  Value Health. 2003;  6 328
• 64 Rosen M I, Beauvais J E, Rigsby M O et al. Neuropsychological correlates of suboptimal adherence to metformin.  J Behav Med. 2003;  26 (4) 349-360
• 65 Spoelstra J A, Stolk R P, Heerdink E R et al. Refill compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a predictor of switching to insulin therapy.  Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;  12 (2) 121-127
• 66 Balkrishnan R, Rajagopalan R, Shenolikar R A et al. Healthcare costs and prescription adherence with introduction of thiazolidinedione therapy in Medicaid type 2 diabetic patients: a retrospective data analysis.  Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;  20 (10) 1633-1640
• 67 Hepke K L, Martus M T, Share D A. Costs and utilization associated with pharmaceutical adherence in a diabetic population.  Am J Manag Care. 2004;  10 144-151
• 68 Kogut S J, Andrade S E, Willey C et al. Nonadherence as a predictor of antidiabetic drug therapy intensification (augmentation).  Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2004;  13 (9) 591-598
• 69 Krapek K, King K, Warren S S et al. Medication Adherence and Associated Hemoglobin A 1c in Type 2 Diabetes.  Ann Pharmacother. 2004;  38 (9) 1357-1362
• 70 Vanderpoel D R, Hussein M A, Watson-Heidari T et al. Adherence to a fixed-dose combination of rosiglitazone maleate/metformin hydrochloride in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective database analysis.  Clin Ther. 2004;  26 (12) 2066-2075
• 71 White T J, Vanderplas A, Chang E et al. The cost of nonadherence to oral antihyperglycemic medication in individuals with diabetes mellitus and concomitant diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in a managed care enviroment.  Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2004;  12 (3) 181-188
• 72 Charpentier G, Fleury F, Dubroca I et al. Electronic pill-boxes in the evaluation of oral hypoglycemic agent compliance.  Diabetes Metab. 2005;  31 (2) 189-195
• 73 Doró P, Benko R, Kosik E et al. Utilization of oral antihyperglycemic drugs over a 7-year period (1998 – 2004) in a Hungarian population and adherence to drug therapy.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;  61 (12) 893-897
• 74 Hertz R P, Unger A N, Lustik M B. Adherence with pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of adults with employer-sponsored health insurance.  Clin Ther. 2005;  27 (7) 1064-1073
• 75 Kardas P. The DIACOM study (effect of DosIng frequency of oral Antidiabetic agents on the COMpliance and biochemical control of type 2 diabetes).  Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;  7 (6) 722-728
• 76 Rhee M K, Slocum W, Ziemer D C et al. Patient adherence improves glycemic control.  Diabetes Educ. 2005;  31 (29) 240-250
• 77 Kalsekar I D, Madhavan S S, Amonkar M M et al. Depression in patients with type 2 dibetes: impact on adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents.  Ann Pharmacother. 2006;  40 (4) 605-611
• 78 Lawrence D B, Ragucci K R, Long L B et al. Relationship of oral antihyperglycemic (sulfonylurea or metformin) medication adherence and hemoglobin A 1c goal attainment for HMO patients enrolled in a diabetes disease management program.  J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;  12 (6) 466-471
• 79 Mateo J F, Gil-Guillén V F, Mateo E et al. Multifactorial approach and adherence to prescribed oral medications in patients with type 2 diabetes.  Int J Clin Pract. 2006;  60 (4) 422-428
• 80 Nau D P, Steinke D T, Williams L K et al. Adherence analysis using visual analog scale versus claims-based estimation.  Ann Pharmacother. 2007;  41 (11) 1792-1797
• 81 Barron J, Wahl P, Fisher M et al. Effedt of Prescription Copayments on Adherence and Treatment Failure with Oral Antidiabetic Medications.  P&T. 2008;  33 (9) 532-553
• 82 Briesacher B A, Andrade S E, Fouayzi H et al. Comparison of Drug Adherence Rates Among Patients with Seven Different Medical Conditions.  Pharmacotherapy. 2008;  28 (49) 437-443
• 83 Cheong C, Barner J C, Lawson K A et al. Patient adherence and reimbursement amount for antidiabetic fixed-dose combination products compared with dual therapy among Texas Medicaid recipientsrecipients.  Clin Ther. 2008;  30 (10) 1893-1907
• 84 Karve S, Cleves M A, Helm M et al. An empirical basis for standardizing adherence measures derived from administrative claims data among diabetic patients.  Med Care. 2008;  46 (11) 1125-1133
• 85 Pan F, Chernew M E, Fendrick A M. Impact of Fixed-Dose Combination Drugs on Adherence to Prescription Medications.  J Gen Intern Med. 2008;  23 (5) 611-614
• 86 Rozenfeld Y, Hunt J S, Plauschinat C et al. Oral antidiabetic medication adherence and glycemic control in managed care.  Am J Manag Care. 2008;  14 (2) 71-75
• 87 Schmittdiel J A, Uratsu C S, Karter A J et al. Why don’t diabetes patients achieve recommended risk factor targets? Poor adherence versus lack of treatment intensification.  J Gen Intern Med. 2008;  23 (5) 588-594
• 88 Briesacher B A, Andrade S E, Fouayzi H et al. Medication Adherence and the Use of Generic Drug Therapies.  Am J Manag Care. 2009;  15 (7) 450-456
• 89 Choudhry N K, Shrank W H, Levin R L et al. Measuring concurrent adherence to multiple related medications.  Am J Manag Care. 2009;  15 (7) 457-464
• 90 Haupt D, Weitoft G R, Nilsson J L. Refill adherence to oral antihyperglycaemic drugs in Sweden.  Acta Diabetol. 2009;  46 (3) 203-208
• 91 Karve S, Cleves M A, Helm M et al. Good and poor adherence: optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data.  Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;  25 (9) 2303-2310
• 92 Prado-Aguilar C A, Martínez Y V, Segovia-Bernal Y et al. Performance of two questionnaires to measure treatment adherence in patients with Type-2 diabetes.  BMC Public Health. 2009;  9 38
• 93 Sakthong P, Chabunthom R, Charoenvisuthiwongs R. Psychometric properties of the Thai version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale in patients with type 2 diabetes.  Ann Pharmacother. 2009;  43 (5) 950-957
• 94 Trinacty C M, Adams A S, Soumerai S B et al. Racial differences in long-term adherence to oral antidiabetic drug therapy: a longitudinal cohort study.  BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;  9 24
• 95 Vink N M, Klungel O H, Stolk R P et al. Comparison of various measures for assessing medication refill adherence using prescription data.  Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;  18 (2) 159-165
• 96 Norris S L, Engelgau M M, Narayan K M. Effectiveness of Self-Management Training in Type 2 Diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.  Diabetes Care. 2001;  24 (3) 561-587
• 97 Vermeire E IJJ, Wens J, Van Royen P et al. Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;  2 CD003638
• 98 Lewis D. Computer-based Approaches to Patient Education: A Review of the Literature.  JAMA. 1999;  6 (4) 272-282
• 99 Higgings N, Regan C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to help older people adhere to medication.  Age Ageing. 2004;  33 (3) 224-229
• 100 McDonald H P, Garg A X, Haynes R B. Interventions to enhance patient adherence to medication prescriptions: scientific review.  JAMA. 2002;  288 (22) 2868-2879

1 Strings englisch/deutsch: (oral hypoglycemic agents; oral antidiabetic medications; diabetes; hyperglycemia; Biguanide; Metformin; Sulfonylureas; Glibenclamid; Glimepirid; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) and (adherence; compliance; persistence) and (measurement; identification; extent; economics; costs; value; resource utilization; expenditures).

2 Strings englisch/deutsch: (oral hypoglycemic agents; oral antidiabetic medications; diabetes; hyperglycemia; Biguanide; Metformin; Sulfonylureas; Glibenclamid; Glimepirid; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) and (adherence; compliance; persistence) and (improvement; enhancement; pharmacy, pharmacist; doctors; interventions; programs; reminder; prevention; patient education).

3 www.prisma-statement.org