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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1262772
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart ˙ New York
Diagnostik und Therapie fetaler Herzrhythmusstörungen
Publication History
Publication Date:
21 February 2011 (online)
Kernaussagen
Im Gegensatz zu den passageren, fetalen Arrhythmien mit einer Inzidenz von 10 %, kommen persistierende Arrhythmien mit einer Inzidenz von 0,2–2 % deutlich seltener vor. Die meisten fetalen Arrhythmien sind benigner Natur, jedoch können manche Rhythmusstörungen auch zum Hydrops und intrauterinen Tod des Feten führen. Unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die Diagnosestellung und ggf. Einleitung einer Therapie ist daher eine differenzierte fetale Echokardiografie mit M-Mode und Doppler-Echokardiografie. Weitere neuere Methoden der Diagnostik stehen mit dem Nierengefäßdoppler und dem Tissue Doppler Imaging zur Verfügung.
Die Ursachen fetaler Arrhythmien sind vielfältig: Sie können rein maternalen Ursprungs sein (bestimmte Erkrankungen der Mutter, Medikamente und Noxen), andererseits aber auch durch die Unreife des fetalen Reizleitungssystems oder der unvollsätndigen Trennung der Kammern von den Vorhöfen auf Ebene der Atrioventrikularklappen bedingt sein. Einzelne fetale Arrythmien manifestieren sich als Extrasystolen, fetale Bradyarrythmien, insbesondere AV-Blockierungen und als fetale Tachyarrhythmien. Therapeutisch lassen sich isolierte AV-Blockierungen mit Sympathomimetika, Steroiden, Plasmapherese oder Immunglobulinen behandeln; Tachyarrhythmien hingegen mit Digoxin, Flecainid, Sotalol oder Amiodaron. Bei Letzterem ist ein Hydrops fetalis jedoch ein wesentlicher Parameter der Therapieentscheidung und beeinflusst ebenso die Prognose.
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F. Voigt
Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen
Universitätsstr. 21–23
91054 Erlangen
Email: franziska.voigt@uk-erlangen.de