ABSTRACT
Within the past decade, Asian economies have grown exponentially, resulting in increased personal wealth and subsequent consumption of cosmetic procedures. Asian cosmetic surgery procedures in Western countries have also seen a growth pattern parallel to Asia. As this growth continues, facial plastic surgeons in Western nations will inevitably witness increased Asians in their patient population base. To meet this demand, the surgeon must incorporate a set of different aesthetic norms from the traditional Western philosophies. In addition, the plastic surgeon must also understand the unique cultural motivations for surgery. The Asian face has distinguishing features that are unique. As such, surgical techniques and aesthetic goals for a particular cosmetic procedure will be different than those for other ethnic groups. This article will review three of the most common cosmetic procedures unique to the Asian face: Asian blepharoplasty, lower facial contouring, and Asian rhinoplasty.
KEYWORDS
Asian - blepharoplasty - jawline contouring - cosmetic surgery - Asian cosmetic surgery
REFERENCES
-
1 American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2006 Membership Survey: Trends in facial plastic surgery. Available at: http://www.aafprs.org/media/stats_polls/aafprsMedia2006.pdf Accessed September 1, 2007
-
2
Farkas L G, Hreczko T A, Kolar J C, Munro I R.
Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1985;
75
328-338
-
3
Le T T, Farkas L G, Ngim R CK, Levin L S, Forrest C R.
Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria.
Aesthetic Plast Surg.
2002;
26
64-69
-
4
Wang D, Qian G, Zhang M, Farkas L G.
Differences in horizontal, neoclassical facial canons in Chinese (Han) and North American Caucasian populations.
Aesthetic Plast Surg.
1997;
21
265-269
-
5
Park D H, Choi W S, Yoon S H, Song C H.
Anthropometry of Asian eyelids by age.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2008;
121
1405-1413
-
6
Flowers R S.
Upper blepharoplasty by eyelid invagination. Anchor blepharoplasty.
Clin Plast Surg.
1993;
20
193-207
-
7
Mikamo M.
A technique in the double-eyelid operation.
J Chugaii Jishimpo.
1896;
396
9
-
8
Chen W P.
Asian blepharoplasty. Update on anatomy and techniques.
J Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg.
1987;
3
135-140
-
9
Park J I.
Orbicularis-levator fixation in double-eyelid operation.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
1999;
1
90-95
discussion 96
-
10
Yang S Y.
Oriental double eyelid: a limited-incision technique.
Ann Plast Surg.
2001;
46
364-368
-
11
Park J I.
Modified Z-epicanthoplasty in the Asian eyelid.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2000;
2
43-47
-
12
Yen M T.
Medial epicanthoplasty using the skin redraping method.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2007;
120
1740
-
13
Baek S M, Kim S S, Bindiger A.
The prominent mandibular angle: preoperative management, operative technique, and results in 42 patients.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1989;
83
272-280
-
14
Yang D B, Park C G.
Mandibular contouring surgery for purely aesthetic reason.
Aesth Plast Surg.
1991;
15
53-60
-
15
Ahn J, Horn C, Blitzer A.
Botulinum toxin for masseter reduction in Asian patients.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2004;
6
188-191
-
16
Yu C C, Chen P K, Chen Y R.
Botulinum toxin a for lower facial contouring: a prospective study.
Aesthetic Plast Surg.
2007;
31
445-451
discussion 452-453
-
17
Ahn K Y, Kim S T.
The change of maximum bite force after botulinum toxin type a injection for treating masseteric hypertrophy.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2007;
120
1662-1666
-
18
Park S, Noh J H.
Importance of the chin in lower facial contour: narrowing genioplasty to achieve a feminine and slim lower face.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2008;
122
261-268
-
19
Zide B M, Pfeifer T M, Longaker M T.
Chin surgery: I. Augmentation—the allures and the alerts.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
1999;
104
1843-1853
discussion 1861-1862
-
20
Choe K S, Yalamanchili H R, Litner J A, Sclafani A P, Quatela V C.
The Korean American woman's nose: an in-depth nasal photogrammatic analysis.
Arch Facial Plast Surg.
2006;
8
319-323
-
21 Toriumi D. Augmentation rhinoplasty with autologous cartilage grafting. In: Park JI, Toriumi DM Asian Facial Cosmetic Surgery. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier 2007: 229-252
-
22
Parker Porter J.
Grafts in rhinoplasty: alloplastic vs. autogenous.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2000;
126
558-561
Edward S KwakM.D.
Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center
170 West 12th Street, Spellman 5, New York, NY 10011
Email: edwardkwakmd@eskfps.com
