Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 58(3): 131-135
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240652
Review

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Mitral Valve Surgery for Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure – Update of the Results

A. M. Calafiore1 , A. L. Iacò1 , A. Tash1 , W. Abukudair2 , M. Di Mauro3
  • 1Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Prince Sultan Cardiac Canter, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 2Division of Cardiac Surgery, King Fahd Military Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 3Division of Cardiac Surgery, Villa Bianca Hospital, Bari, Italy
Further Information

Publication History

received Sept. 27, 2009

Publication Date:
09 April 2010 (online)

References

  • 1 Grande-Allen K J, Borowski A G, Troughton R W et al. Apparently normal mitral valves in patients with heart failure demonstrate biochemical and structural derangements. An extracellular matrix and echocardiographic study.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;  45 54-61
  • 2 Grande-Allen K J, Barber J A, Klatka K M et al. Mitral valve stiffening in end-stage heart failure: evidence of an organic contribution to functional mitral regurgitation.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;  130 783-790
  • 3 Chaput M, Handschumacher M D, Tournoux F et al. Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling: occurrence and adequacy in patients with functional mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2008;  118 845-852
  • 4 Dal-Bianco J P, Aikawa E, Bischoff J et al. Active adaptation of the tethered mitral valve. Insights into a compensatory mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2009;  120 334-342
  • 5 Carabello B A, Nakano K, Corin W, Biederman R, Spann Jr J F. Left ventricular function in experimental volume overload hypertrophy.  Am J Physiol. 1989;  256 H974-H981
  • 6 Urabe Y, Mann D L, Kent R L et al. Cellular and ventricular contractile dysfunction in experimental canine mitral regurgitation.  Circ Res. 1992;  70 131-147
  • 7 Ishihara K, Zile M R, Kanazawa S et al. Left ventricular mechanics and myocyte function after correction of experimental chronic mitral regurgitation by combined mitral valve replacement and preservation of the native mitral valve apparatus.  Circulation. 1992;  86 16-25
  • 8 Spinale F G, Ishihra K, Zile M R, DeFryte G, Crawford F A, Carabello B A. Structural basis for changes in left ventricular function and geometry because of chronic mitral regurgitation and after correction of volume overload.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;  106 1147-1157
  • 9 Corin W J, Monrad E S, Murakami T, Nonogi H, Hess O M, Krayenbuehl H P. The relationship of afterload to ejection performance in chronic mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 1987;  76 59-67
  • 10 Zile M R, Gaasch W H, Levine H T. Left ventricular stress-dimension shortening relations before and after correction of chronic aortic and mitral regurgitation.  Am J Cardiol. 1985;  56 99
  • 11 Dell'Italia L J, Meng Q C, Balcells E et al. Increased ACE and chymase-like activity in cardiac tissue of dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation.  Am J Physiol. 1995;  269 H2065-H2073
  • 12 Kapadia S R, Yakoob K, Nader S, Thomas J D, Mann D L, Griffin B P. Elevated circulating levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with hemodynamically significant pressure and volume overload.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;  36 208-212
  • 13 Talwar S, Squire I B, Davies J E, Ng L L. The effect of valvular regurgitation on plasma cardiotrophin-1 in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function.  Eur J Heart Fail. 2000;  2 387-391
  • 14 Otsuji Y, Handschumacher M D, Liel-Cohen N et al. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;  37 641-648
  • 15 Liel-Cohen N, Guerrero J L, Otsuji Y et al. Design of a new surgical approach for ventricular remodeling to relieve ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2000;  101 2756-2763
  • 16 Hung J, Papakostas L, Tahta S A et al. Mechanism of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation post-annuloplasty: continued LV remodeling as a moving target.  Circulation. 2004;  110 85-90
  • 17 Beeri R, Yosefy C, Guerrero J L et al. Early repair of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation reverses left ventricular remodeling. A functional and molecular study.  Circulation. 2007;  116 (Suppl. I) I-288-I-293
  • 18 St. John S M, Pfeffer M A, Plappert T et al. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. The protective effects of captopril.  Circulation. 1994;  89 68-75
  • 19 Caimmi P P, Diterlizzi M, Grossini E et al. Impact of prosthetic mitral rings on aortomitral apparatus function: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;  88 740-744
  • 20 Enriquez-Sarano M, Loulmet D F, Burkhoff D. The conundrum of functional mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;  51 487-489
  • 21 Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, Flachskampf F, Roger Hall R, Iung B, Kasprzak J, Nataf P, Tornos P, Torracca L, Wenink A. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology.  Eur Heart J. 2007;  28 230-268
  • 22 [no author listed]. 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease).  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;  52 e1-e142
  • 23 Otto C M. Evaluation and management of chronic mitral regurgitation.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  345 740-746
  • 24 Koelling T M, Aaronson K D, Cody R J, Bach D S, Armstrong W F. Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.  Am Heart J. 2002;  144 524-529
  • 25 Trichon B H, Felker G M, Shaw L K, Cabell C H, O'Connor C M. Relation of frequency and severity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure.  Am J Cardiol. 2003;  91 538-543
  • 26 Robbins J D, Maniar P B, Cotts W et al. Prevalence and severity of mitral regurgitation in chronic systolic heart failure.  Am J Cardiol. 2003;  91 360-362
  • 27 Bach D S, Awais M, Gurm H S, Kohnstamm S. Failure of guideline adherence for intervention in patients with severe mitral regurgitation.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;  54 860-865
  • 28 Bolling S F, Pagani F D, Deeb G M, Bach D S. Intermediate-term outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;  115 381-386
  • 29 Wu A H, Aaronson K D, Bolling S F, Pagani F D, Welch K, Koelling T M. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;  45 381-387
  • 30 Acker M A, Bolling S, Shemin R et al. Mitral valve surgery in heart failure: insights from the Acorn Clinical Trial.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;  132 568-577
  • 31 Calafiore A M, Gallina S, Di Mauro M et al. Mitral valve procedure in dilated cardiomyopathy: repair or replacement?.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;  71 1146-1152
  • 32 Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr K J, Bailey K R, Tajik A J. Ischemic mitral regurgitation. Long term outcome and prognostic implication with quantitative Doppler assessment.  Circulation. 2001;  103 1759-1764
  • 33 Grigioni F, Detaint D, Avierinos J-F, Scott C, Tajik J, Enriquez-Sarano M. Contribution of ischemic mitral regurgitation to congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;  45 260-267
  • 34 Aronson D, Goldsher N, Zukerman R et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation and risk of heart failure after myocardial infarction.  Arch Intern Med. 2006;  166 2362-2368
  • 35 Schroder J N, Williams M L, Hata J A et al. Impact of mitral valve regurgitation evaluated by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography on long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting.  Circulation. 2005;  112 (Suppl. I) I-293-I-298
  • 36 Amigoni M, Meris A, Thune J J et al. Mitral regurgitation in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both: prognostic significance and relation to ventricular size and function.  Eur Heart J. 2007;  28 326-333
  • 37 Di Mauro M, Di Giammarco G, Vitolla G et al. Impact of no or moderate mitral regurgitation on late results after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;  81 2128-2134
  • 38 Calafiore A M, Mazzei V, Iacò A L et al. Impact of ischemic regurgitation on long-term out come of patients with ejection fraction above 0.30 undergoing first isolated myocardial revascularization.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;  86 458-465
  • 39 Fattouch K, Guccione F, Sampognaro R et al. POINT: efficacy of adding mitral valve restrictive annuloplasty to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with moderate ischemic mitral valve regurgitation: a randomized trial.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;  138 278-285
  • 40 Kinkaid E H, Riley R D, Hines M H et al. Anterior leaflet augmentation for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;  78 564-568
  • 41 Romano M A, Patel H J, Pagani F D et al. Anterior leaflet repair with patch augmentation for mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;  79 1500-1504
  • 42 Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S, Acar C et al. Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;  83 1560-1561
  • 43 Varennes B, Chaturvedi R, Sidhu S et al. Initial results of posterior leaflet extension for severe type III b ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2009;  119 2837-2843
  • 44 Messas E, Pouzet B, Touchot B et al. Efficacy of chordal cutting to relieve chronic persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2003;  108 II-111-II-115
  • 45 Borger M A, Murphy P M, Alam A et al. Initial results of the chordal-cutting operation for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;  133 1483-1492
  • 46 Nielsen S L, Timek T A, Green G R et al. Influence of anterior mitral leaflet second-order chordate tendineae on left ventricular systolic function.  Circulation. 2003;  108 486-491
  • 47 Aazami M H, Salehi M, Satarzadeh R. Whatever the approach, cutting strut cordate would not smell as sweet (letter).  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;  130 1480
  • 48 Braun J, van der Veire N R, Klautz R J M et al. Restrictive mitral annuloplasty cures ischemic mitral regurgitation and heart failure.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;  85 430-437
  • 49 Srichai M B, Grimm R A, Stillman A E et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: impact of left ventricle and mitral valve in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;  80 170-178
  • 50 Hvaas U, Tapia M, Baron F et al. Papillary muscle sling: a new functional approach to mitral valve repair in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction and functional mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;  75 809-811
  • 51 Fumimoto K, Fukui T, Shimokawa T, Takanashi S. Papillary muscle realignment and mitral annuloplasty in patients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation and dilated heart.  Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg. 2008;  7 368-371
  • 52 Kron I L, Green G R, Cope J T. Surgical relocation of the posterior papillary muscle in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;  74 600-601
  • 53 Ueno T, Sakata R, Iguro Y et al. New surgical approach to reduce tethering in ischemic mitral regurgitation by relocation of separate heads of the posterior papillary muscle.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;  81 2324-2325
  • 54 Rama A, Praschker L, Barreda E et al. Papillary muscle approximation for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;  84 2130-2131
  • 55 Langer F, Schäfers H J. RING plus STRING: papillary muscle repositioning as an adjunctive repair technique for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;  133 247-249
  • 56 Crabtree T D, Bailey M S, Moon M R et al. Recurrent mitral regurgitation and risk factors for early and late mortality after mitral valve repair for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;  85 1537-1543
  • 57 Zhu F, Otsuji Y, Yotsumoto G et al. Mechanism of persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: importance of augmented posterior mitral leaflet tethering.  Circulation. 2005;  112 I396-I401
  • 58 Yiu S F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C et al. Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study.  Circulation. 2000;  102 1400-1406
  • 59 De Bonis M, Lapenna E, Verzini A et al. Recurrence of mitral regurgitation parallels the absence of left ventricular reverse remodeling after mitral repair in advanced dilated cardiomyopathy.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;  85 932-939
  • 60 Pui-Wai Lee A, Acker M et al. Mechanisms of recurrent functional mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Importance of distal anterior leaflet tethering.  Circulation. 2009;  119 2606-2614
  • 61 Szalay Z A, Civelek A, Hohe S et al. Mitral annuloplasty in patients with ischemic versus dilated cardiomyopathy.  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;  23 567-572
  • 62 Glower D D, Tuttle R H, Shaw L K, Orozco R E, Scott Rankin J. Patients survival characteristics after routine mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;  129 860-868
  • 63 De Bonis M, La Penna E, La Canna G et al. Mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy. Role of the edge-to-edge technique.  Circulation. 2005;  112 (Suppl. I) I-402-I-408
  • 64 Mihaljevic T, Lam B-K, Rajeswaran J et al. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularizatin in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;  49 2191-2201
  • 65 Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, De Cicco G et al. Five-year echocardiographic results of combined undersized mitral ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Eur Heart J. 2008;  29 231-240
  • 66 Al-Radi O O, Austin P C, Tu J V et al. Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;  79 1260-1267
  • 67 Magne J, Senechal M, Mathieu P et al. Short- and long-term survival of mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement in patients with functional mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2008;  118 S698 (abstract 2286)
  • 68 Magne J, Pibarot P, Dagenais F et al. Preoperative posterior leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Circulation. 2007;  115 782-791
  • 69 Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, Caciolli S et al. Insights on left ventricular mechanisms of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after restrictive annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;  136 507-518
  • 70 Roshanali F, Mandegar M H, Yousefnia M A et al. A prospective study of predicting factors in ischemic mitral regurgitation recurrence after ring annuloplasty.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;  84 745-749
  • 71 Bolman III R M. Have we found the surgical solution for ischemic mitral regurgitation?.  Circulation. 2009;  119 2755-2757
  • 72 Magne J, Sénéchal M, Mathieu P et al. Restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation may induce functional mitral stenosis.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;  51 1692-1701
  • 73 Williams M L, Daneshmand M A, Jollis J G et al. Mitral gradients and frequency of recurrence of mitral regurgitation after ring annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;  88 1197-1201

Antonio Maria Calafiore, MD, Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Director

Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery
Prince Sultan Cardiac Center

PO Box 99911

Riyadh 11625

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Phone: + 96 65 66 29 99 48

Fax: + 96 6 14 76 08 95

Email: calafiore@unich.it