Synthesis 2010(14): 2367-2378  
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1218766
PAPER
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ˙ New York

Selective Base-Promoted Synthesis of Dihydroisobenzofurans by Domino Addition/Annulation Reactions of ortho-Alkynylbenzaldehydes

Monica Dell’Acqua, Diego Facoetti, Giorgio Abbiati*, Elisabetta Rossi
Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Applicate ai Biosistemi (DISMAB) - Sezione di Chimica Organica ‘A. Marchesini’, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
Fax: +39(02)50314476; e-Mail: giorgio.abbiati@unimi.it;
Further Information

Publication History

Received 11 March 2010
Publication Date:
05 May 2010 (online)

Abstract

Synthesis of the dihydroisobenzofuran nucleus was achieved by the base-promoted tandem nucleophilic addition/annulation reaction of ortho-alkynylbenzaldehydes in the presence of methanol. The reactions of aryl-, trimethylsilyl- and diethoxymethyl-substituted alkynylbenzaldehydes occurred with complete regio­selectivity in good to excellent yields under microwave irradiation. The reactions of alkyl-substituted alkynylbenzaldehydes took place with good yields and high regioselectivity only when performed at room temperature and in the presence of a catalytic amount of a gold(III) salt. Plausible reaction mechanisms involved are discussed. The effect of the substituent at the alkynyl terminus on the cyclisation mode was tentatively rationalised.

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20

The Z-stereochemistry was determined by comparison with literature data, and confirmed by NOE experiments on compounds 2d, 2i and 2j; the assignment was extended by analogy to the entire series.

21

These compounds are acid-sensitive. Their stability also depends on the nature of the substituent on the exocyclic double bond. In general, they can be optimally stored for several weeks in a sealed tube, under a nitrogen atmosphere at -20 ˚C.

22

The same behaviour was observed by Belmont and co-workers for the related compound 2-[(trimethylsilyl)ethyn-yl]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde (see ref. 10a). In that paper, the authors also demonstrated that, under basic conditions, the desilylation occurred before the cyclisation step.

25

Other metal catalysts such as Au(I)/Ag(I), Ag(I) and Cu(I) either failed or gave very poor results.

29

For a more extensive discussion on the relationship between ¹³C NMR shifts and polarisation of triple bonds, and for an accurate determination of chemical shifts of Csp carbons of aldehydes such as 1, see ref. 4a and references therein.

32

Belmont and co-workers have recently observed in a related silver-catalysed process that the presence of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl substituent made no difference to the selectivity (see ref. 12e).