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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215573
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Chronische Entzündungsanämie – Epiphänomen oder Adaptationsmechanismus der Entzündung?
Anaemia of Inflammation – Immune-Mediated Side Effect or Strategy?Publication History
Publication Date:
27 March 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die chronische Entzündungsanämie (anaemia of chronic disease, ACD) ist die häufigste Anämie bei hospitalisierten Patienten und findet sich vor allem bei Personen, die an chronischen Infektionen, Autoimmunerkrankungen und malignen Tumoren leiden. Alle der ACD zugrunde liegenden pathophysiologischen Mechanismen sind durch die mit jener der Grundkrankheit assoziierten Immunaktivierung bedingt. Zytokine und Akutphaseproteine führen zu einer Retention von Eisen im retikuloendothelialen System und damit zu einer eisenlimitierten Erythropoese, da Eisen nicht für die Hämbiosynthese im Knochenmark zur Verfügung steht. Ferner hemmen vor allem pro-inflammatorische Zytokine die Proliferation und Differenzierung von erythroiden Vorläuferzellen, die Bildung und biologische Wirkung von Erythropoetin und führen wohl auch zu einer direkten Schädigung von Erythrozyten durch die Bildung von Radikalen und dadurch zu einer verminderten Lebensdauer der Erythrozyten. Die Entwicklung der ACD hat auch potentielle Vorteile, da durch die Limitierung der Eisenverfügbarkeit das Wachstum von eingedrungenen Pathogenen blockiert wird. Weiters führt der Entzug von Eisen zu einer Stärkung der durch IFN-γ induzierten Immunabwehrmechanismen von Makrophagen, da Eisen einen negativen Effekt auf pro-inflammatorische, zellvermittelte Immuneffektorwege ausübt. Während diese Strategie bei Infektion und Tumorerkrankungen wichtig ist, erweißt sich diese bei Autoimmunerkrankung wohl als kontraproduktiv. Während die alleinige therapeutische Gabe von Eisen zur Anämiebehandlung bei ACD Patienten mit Infektionen und Tumorerkrankungen aufgrund der Wachstumsförderung von Pathogenen sowie der durch das Metall vermittelten negativen immunologischen Effekte im Regelfall kontraindiziert ist, kann diese umgekehrt bei Patienten mit Erkrankungen des rheumatischen Formenkreises aufgrund der immunsupprimierenden Eigenschaften des Metalls positive Effekte auf die Krankheitsaktivität ausüben, was klinisch zu verifizieren sein wird.
Abstract
Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), also termed as anaemia of inflammation, is the most frequent anaemia in hospitalised patients and is found with a high frequency in subjects suffering from auto-immune disorders, severe infections and cancer. ACD is an immune-driven disease which is induced by several cytokine-mediated pathways. First, cytokines as well as the acute phase protein hepcidin induce iron retention within cells of the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in an iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Second, mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines directly inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells while at the same time they inhibit the formation and biological activity of the erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone erythropoietin. While anaemia per se causes morbidity due to impaired cardio-vascular performance and tissue oxygenation, the development of ACD may harbour also some advantages, especially when infections or cancer underlie ACD. The retention of iron within monocytes and macrophages results in a reduced availability of the metal for invading pathogens which need iron for their growth and proliferation. Furthermore, due to the negative regulatory effects of iron on cell-mediated immune function, iron restriction leads to strengthening of innate immune effector pathways directed against invading pathogens. While this is an effective defence strategy in infection and cancer, ACD has to be considered as a side effect in association with auto-immune disorders. Accordingly, while the therapeutic application of iron for the treatment of ACD is risky and may cause exacerbation of the underlying disease in infection and cancer, treatment of ACD with iron in rheumatic disease may reduce disease activity due to its negative effects on pro-inflammatory immune pathways, a concept which has to be proven clinically in the future.
Schlüsselwörter
Eisen - Anämie chronischer Erkrankungen - Hepcidin - Interferon - Tumor Nekrose Faktor
Key words
iron - anaemia of chronic disease - hepcidin - interferon - tumour necrosis factor
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Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. Günter Weiss
Medizinische Universität
Univ.-Klinik für Innere Medizin I
Klinische Infektiologie und Immunologie
Anichstraße 35
A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Phone: +43/512/504/23255
Fax: +43/512/504/25607
Email: guenter.weiss@i-med.ac.at