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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1213543
© Karl F. Haug Verlag in MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG
Hat Jod eine Bedeutung in der Prävention und adjuvanten Therapie von Brustkrebs?
Publication History
Publication Date:
29 June 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Jod und seine Stoffwechselprodukte spielen in der Brustdrüse offenbar eine ebenso entscheidende Rolle in der Wachstumsregulation und der Entstehung von Neoplasien wie in der Schilddrüse. Jodmangel bei Ratten erzeugt nicht nur Strumen, sondern auch Zellatypien, Dysplasien und Hyperplasien der Brustdrüsen. In Tierversuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Jod bzw. Seetang, nicht aber Jodid in der Nahrung die Entstehung von chemisch erzeugten Mammakarzinomen signifikant verzögert. Die chronische Zufuhr von Jod kann die Inzidenz von chemisch induzierten Mammakarzinomen bei Ratten um 70 % reduzieren. Bereits bestehende Tumore werden unter einer hohen Jodzufuhr auch kleiner, ohne die Schilddrüsenfunktion zu beeinträchtigen. Die Tumore haben eine höhere Jodkonzentration als das gesunde Gewebe, und dies kann durch Progesteron noch gesteigert werden.
Bei den menschlichen Mammakarzinomen wird in etwa zwei Drittel der Fälle NIS exprimiert und radioaktives Jod aufgenommen. Interessanterweise wird diese Jodaufnahme im Gegensatz zur Schilddrüse durch Perchlorat nicht blockiert. In Experimenten mit humanen Brustkrebs-Zellkulturen (MCF7) konnte eindeutig belegt werden, dass die Proliferation durch Jod, nicht aber Jodid gehemmt wird. Auch wird durch Jod eine Apoptose in malignen Mammakarzinomzellen induziert. Es entstehen Jodlipide, insbesondere δ-Jodlacton aus Arachidonsäure (6-iodod-5-hydroxy-eicosapentaensäure), das für diesen hemmenden Effekt verantwortlich zu sein scheint. Dieses δ-Jodlacton wurde bereits vor einiger Zeit in der Schilddrüse als das wesentliche Intermediärprodukt charakterisiert, das nicht nur die Proliferation von Schilddrüsenzellen hemmen, sondern auch deren Apoptose induzieren kann. Es gibt somit zahlreiche Untersuchungen, die bereits gezeigt haben, dass eine ausreichend hohe Jodzufuhr nicht nur die hyperplastischen Veränderungen der Schilddrüse, sondern möglicherweise auch der Mamma verhindern kann und möglicherweise auch als adjuvante Therapie beim Mammakarzinom eingesetzt werden könnte.
Summary
Iodine is essential in maintaining not only the normal thyroid function and prevention of hyperplasia as well as neoplasia but seems also to be essential for the breast to prevent neoplasias. Iodine deficiency renders the rat thyroid and breast susceptibility to atypia, dyplasia and hyperplasia. In animal trials it could be shown, that iodine or extracts of seaweed but not iodide prevent chemically induced breast cancer. Iodine in conjunction with progesterone and seaweed diet regresses chemically induced breast cancer in animals. The tumours contain more iodine indicating more iodine trapping than normal tissue. In addition increased apoptosis had been identified within the tumours. Iodine treatment of patients with benign breast disease induces a significant bilateral reduction in breast size and causes a remission of disease symptoms.
Around two-third of human breast carcinomas express the sodium-iodine symporter (NIS), which is identical to the thyroid specific NIS and therefore trap radioactive iodine, but in the breast tumours iodine uptake is not blocked by perchlorate like in the thyroid gland. In human breast cancer cell lines it could be shown that iodine, but not iodide inhibit growth and induces apoptosis in a caspase-independent pathway. It recently could be shown that in this cell lines δ-iodolactone, an iodinated product of the cell membrane arachidonic acid (6-iodo-5 hydroxy-eicosapentaenic acid) is generated. This product has already been shown to regulate proliferation of thyroid cells and also induces apoptosis. Up to now there are several in vitro as well as in vivo studies that clearly demonstrate that iodine is important for the prevention of benign as well as malignant breast disease and probably might be an efficient adjuvant treatment in breast cancer.
Schlüsselwörter
Jod - Jodid - δ-Jodlacton - Brusterkrankungen - Brustkrebs
Keywords
Iodine - Iodide - δ-iodolactone - Breast disease - Breast cancer
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Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. med. Roland Gärtner
Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt
der Universität
München
Ziemssenstr. 1
80336 München
Email: roland.gaertner@med.uni-muenchen.de