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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109482
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Low-Frequency Ultrasound Permeates the Human Thorax and Lung: a Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Monitoring
Ultraschall bei niedrigeren Frequenzen durchdringt den menschlichen Thorax: eine neue Methode für die LungendiagnostikPublication History
received: 18.10.2008
accepted: 15.4.2009
Publication Date:
06 July 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Herkömmliche Sonografie bei 2 – 10 MHz kann den Thorax wegen der Lufteinschlüsse kaum durchdringen. Deshalb gilt Ultraschall als unbrauchbar für Thoraxuntersuchungen. Allerdings sind bisher noch keine systematischen Untersuchungen bei Frequenzen < 1 MHz an Lungen in situ durchgeführt worden. Zudem arbeitet die gängige Ultraschalltechnik im Echomodus und nicht als Thoraxdurchstrahlung. Material und Methoden: Menschliche Individuen wurden untersucht mit einfachen Sender-Empfänger-Anordnungen oder einem elastischen Thoraxgürtel mit 12 Sensoren und einem auf dem Sternum fixierten Sender. Dabei konzentrierten wir uns auf Schall zwischen 1 kHz und 1 MHz. Ergebnisse: Die Schalltransmission durch Thorax und Lunge in situ im Frequenzbereich von 1 Hz bis 1 MHz zeigt 3 physikalisch verschiedene Frequenzbereiche: < 1 kHz existiert eine Schallausbreitung mit 30 – 50 m/s; > 1 kHz scheint keine effektive Schallausbreitung möglich, bis oberhalb von etwa 10 kHz abrupt eine vergleichsweise schnelle Schallausbreitung mit etwa 1500 m/s einsetzt. Wir zeigen, dass Ultraschall zwischen 10 kHz und 1 MHz den menschlichen Thorax durchdringt und dabei empfindlich auf den Luft- bzw. Wassergehalt der Lungen reagiert. Bei 10 – 15 kHz erreichte der Signalkontrast zwischen Inspiration und Exspiration mehrere Größenordnungen. Die Schalldurchdringung bei Patienten mit Lungenemphysem oder Pneumothorax war erniedrigt, bei Pleuraerguss hingegen erhöht. Schlussfolgerung: Die Schallleitung in der Lunge ist durch drei Frequenzbänder charakterisiert. Niedrigfrequenter Ultraschall durchdringt den Thorax und ist möglicherweise geeignet für die Lungendiagnostik.
Abstract
Purpose: Conventional sonography at 2 – 10 MHz cannot permeate the chest because ultrasound at this frequency is strongly scattered and reflected by air inclusions in the lungs. Therefore, sonography is considered impracticable for thoracic imaging. However, human thoraxes and lungs in situ were never rigorously probed with ultrasound at frequencies below 1 MHz. In addition, ultrasound is commonly applied as echo imaging rather than sound transmission. Materials and Methods: Human subjects were studied with a transducer detector pair or an elastic thorax belt equipped with 12 sensors 5 cm apart that was wrapped around the thorax and a single pulse transmitter attached to the sternum. We focused on fast ultrasound transmission from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, coupled over thoracic sonotrodes. Results: Between 1 Hz to 1 MHz, sound transmission through thorax and lungs shows three distinct bands: < 1 kHz sound is transmitted at 30 – 50 m/sec, between 1 – 10 kHz sound transmission is absent and > 10 kHz sound is transmitted with a speed of 1500 m/sec. We demonstrate that low-frequency ultrasound (10 – 750 kHz) can permeate the thorax and permits monitoring of the air and water content of human lungs. In healthy subjects at 15 kHz, the difference in sound transmission through thorax and lungs between inspiration and expiration was dynamic and spanned several decades. Sound transmission during expiration was strongly decreased in patients suffering from pulmonary emphysema or pneumothorax, but increased in patients with pleural effusions. Conclusion: Sound transmission in the lungs is characterized by three distinct frequency bands. Low frequency ultrasound is transmitted through the lungs and may offer a novel non-invasive approach to real time diagnostics.
Key words
lungs - ultrasound - COPD
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Prof. Stefan Uhlig
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