Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1103455
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Success and complication parameters for laparoscopic surgery: a benchmark for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
Publication History
Publication Date:
21 January 2009 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/endoscopy/200901/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0028-1103455-1.jpg)
Background: Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) currently represents an issue of particular interest among surgeons and gastroenterologists. The principle of NOTES is the reduction of the operative trauma by using natural orifices of the human body to access the abdominal cavity. Regarding the tendency to further minimization of the surgical trauma, NOTES may be considered as a logical step in the evolution of minimally invasive surgery. Pioneers of this technique regard NOTES as the successor to laparoscopic surgery in enabling surgeons and gastroenterologists to conduct scarless surgery. This might not only lead to better cosmetic results but also enhance the prospect of decreases in wound infections and incisional hernias, as well as reducing operative stress, postoperative immobility, and pain.
Material and methods: In this article the authors collect and review the existing literature concerning NOTES and establish a benchmark for the assessment of this new technique by stating results from conventional minimally invasive surgery as the gold standard.
Conclusion: It is shown that publications investigating possible advantages or long-term results of NOTES are scarce. However, the investigation and verification of potential advantages and disadvantages represent the most important step in the development of a new technique. Only proven advantages would justify the broad implementation of a new technique in relation to its specific risks. Conventional laparoscopic surgery as the current standard of minimally invasive surgery will be the benchmark for NOTES with regard to most issues. Superiority of NOTES in at least several issues would be the best argument for its further implementation into clinical practice.
References
- 1 Gettmann M T, Lotan V, Napper C. A et al. Transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy: development and feasibility in the porcine model. Urology. 2002; 59 446-450
- 2 Kalloo A N, Singh V K, Jagannath S B. et al . Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 60 114-117
- 3 Bergstrom M, Ikeda K, Swain P, Park P O. Transgastric anastomosis by using flexible endoscopy in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 307-312
- 4 Feretis C, Kalantzopoulos D, Koulouris P. et al . Endoscopic transgastric procedures in anesthetized pigs: technical challenges, complications, and survival. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 394-400
- 5 Fritscher-Ravens A, Mosse C A, Ikeda K, Swain P. Endoscopic transgastric lymphadenectomy by using EUS for selection and guidance. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 302-306
- 6 Hu B, Kalloo A N, Chung S. et al . Peroral transgastric endoscopic primary repair of a ventral hernia in a porcine model. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 390-393
- 7 Jagannath S B, Kantsevoy S V, Vaughn C A. Peroral transgastric endoscopic ligation of fallopian tubes with long-term survival in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 61 449-453
- 8 Kantsevoy S V, Jagannath S B, Niiyama H. Endoscopic gastrojejunostomy with survival in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 62 287-292
- 9 Kantsevoy S V, Hu B, Jagannath S B. Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy: is it possible?. Surg Endosc. 2006; 20 522-525
- 10 Mathes K, Yusuf T E, Willingham F F. Feasibility of endoscopic transgastric distal pancreatectomy in a porcine animal model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 66 762-766
- 11 Merrifield B F, Wagh M S, Thompson C C. Peroral transgastric organ resection: a feasibility study in pigs. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 693-697
- 12 Onders R P, McGee M F, Marks J M. et al . Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) as a diagnostic tool in the intensive care unit. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21 681-683
- 13 Park P O, Bergstrom M, Ikeda K. et al . Experimental studies of transgastric gallbladder surgery: cholecystectomy and cholecystogastric anastomosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 61 601-606
- 14 Perretta S, Dallemagne B, Coumaros D, Marescaux J. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: transgastric cholecystectomy in a survival porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 1126-1130
- 15 Sumiyama K, Gostout C J, Rajan E. et al . Transgastric cholecystectomy: transgastric accessibility to the gallbladder improved with the SEMF method and a novel multibending therapeutic endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65 1028-1034
- 16 Swanstrom L L, Kozarek R, Pasricha P J. et al . Development of a new access device for transgastric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005; 9 1129-1137
- 17 Wagh M S, Merrifield B F, Thompson C C. Endoscopic transgastric abdominal exploration and organ resection: initial experience in a porcine model. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3 892-896
- 18 Wagh M S, Merrifield B F, Thompson C C. Survival studies after endoscopic transgastric oophorectomy and tubectomy in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 473-478
- 19 Clayman R V, Box G N, Abraham J B. Rapid communication: transvaginal single-port NOTES nephrectomy: initial laboratory experience. J Endourol. 2007; 21 640-644
- 20 Fong D G, Pai R D, Thompson C C. Transcolonic endoscopic abdominal exploration: a NOTES survival study in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65 312-318
- 21 Fong D G, Ryou M, Pai R D. et al. Transcolonic ventral wall hernia mesh fixation in a porcine model. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 865-869
- 22 Fritscher-Ravens A, Patel K, Ghanbari A. et al . Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in the mediastinum: long-term survival animal experiment in transesophageal access, including minor surgical procedures. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 870-875
- 23 Lima E, Rolanda C, Pego J M. et al . Transvesical endoscopic peritoneoscopy: a novel 5 mm port for intra-abdominal scarless surgery. J Urol. 2006; 176 802-805
- 24 Lima E, Rolanda C, Pego J M. et al . Third-generation nephrectomy by natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. J Urol. 2007; 178 2648-2654
- 25 Meining A, Wilhelm D, Burian M. et al . Development, standardization, and evaluation of NOTES cholezystectomy using a transsigmoid approach in the porcine model: an acute feasibility study. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 860-864
- 26 Mintz Y, Horgan S, Cullen J, Falor E. et al . Dual-lumen natural ofirice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): a new method for performing a safe anastomosis. Surg Endosc. 2007; 22 348-351
- 27 Pai R D, Fong D G, Bundga M E. et al . Transcolonic endoscopic cholecystectomy: a NOTES survival study in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 64 428-434
- 28 Rolanda C, Lima E, Pego J M. et al . Third-generation cholecystectomy by natural orifices: transgastric and transvesical combined approach. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65 111-117
- 29 Ryou M, Fong D G, Pai R D. et al . Dual-port distal pancreatectomy using a prototype endoscope and endoscopic stapler: a natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) survival study in a porcine model. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 881-887
- 30 Scott D J, Tang S, Fernandez R. et al . Completely transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy using magnetically anchored instruments. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21 2308-2316
- 31 Shih S P, Kantsevoy S V, Kalloo A N. et al . Hybrid minimally invasive surgery – a bridge between laparoscopic and translumenal surgery. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21 1450-1453
- 32 Sumiyama K, Gostout C J, Rajan E. et al . Transesophageal mediastinoscopy by submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap safety valve technique. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65 679-683
- 33 Whiteford M H, Denk P M, Swanstrom L L. Feasibility of radical sigmoid colectomy performed as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21 1870-1874
- 34 Wilhelm D, Meining A, von Delius S. et al . An innovative, safe and sterile sigmoid access (ISSA) for NOTES. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 401-406
- 35 Willingham F F, Gee D W, Lauwers G Y. et al . Natural orifice transesophageal mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 1042-1047
- 36 Branco A W, Branco F ilho, Kondo W. et al . Hybrid transvaginal nephrectomy. Eur Urol. 2008; 53 1290-1294
- 37 Gettmann M T, Blute M L. Transvesical peritoneoscopy: initial clinical evaluation of the bladder as a portal for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82 843-845
- 38 Hazey J W, Narula V K, Renton D B. et al . Natural-orifice transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy in humans: initial clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 16-20
- 39 Marescaux J, Dallemagne B, Perretta S. et al . Surgery without scars. Arch Surg. 2007; 142 823-827
- 40 Narula V K, Happel L C, Volt K. et al . Transgastric endoscopy peritoneoscopy does not require decontamination of the stomach in humans. Surg Endosc. 2008; [Epub ahead of print]
- 41 Steele K, Schweitzer M A, Lyn-Sue J, Kantsevoy S V. Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy: a feasibility study in human beings. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008; 68 61-66
- 42 Zornig C, Emmermann A, von Waldenfels H A, Mofid H. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visible scar: combined transvaginal and transumbilical approach. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 913-915
- 43 Zorron R, Maggioni L C, Pombo L. et al . NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy: preliminary clinical application. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 542-547
- 44 McGee M F, Schomisch S J, Marks J M. et al . Late phase TNF-alpha depression in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) peritoneoscopy. Surgery. 2008; 143 318-328
- 45 Pham B V, Morgan K, Bazaz S. et al . A pilot comparison of adhesion formation following colonic perforation and repair in a porcine model: transgastric (NOTES), laparoscopic, or open surgical technique. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65 AB 109
- 46 Wichmann M W, Hüttl T P, Winter H. et al . Immunological effects of laparoscopic vs. open colorectal surgery. Arch Surg. 2005; 140 692-697
- 47 Buunen M, Gholghesaei M, Veldkamp R. et al . Stress response to laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18 1022-1028
- 48 Chang C K, Zdon M J. Inflammatory response of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in septic rats undergoing laparotomy and laparoscopy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2005; 15 124-128
- 49 Corrigan M, Cahill R, Redmond H P. (7 AD.) The immunomodulatory effects of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007; 17 256-261
- 50 Novitsky Y W, Litwin D E, Callery M P. The net immunologic advantage of laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18 1411-1419
- 51 Torres A, Torres K, Paszkowski T. et al . Cytokine response in the postoperative period after surgical treatment of benign adnexal masses; comparison between laparoscopy and laparotomy. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21 1841-1848
- 52 Shimotakahara A, Kuebler J F, Vieten G. et al . Carbon dioxide directly suppresses spontaneous migration, chemotaxis, and free radical production of human neutrophils. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 1813-1817
- 53 Kiran R P, Delaney C P, Senagore A J. et al . Operative blood loss and use of blood products after laparoscopic and conventional open colorectal operations. Arch Surg. 2004; 139 39-42
- 54 Gutt C N, Oniu T, Schemmer P. et al . Fewer adhesions induced by laparoscopic surgery?. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18 898-906
- 55 Kavic S M, Kavic S M. Adhesions and adhesiolysis: the role of laparoscopy. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg. 2002; 6 99-109
- 56 Catarci M, Carlini M, Gentileschi P, Santoro E. Major and minor injuries during the creation of pneumoperitoneum. A multicenter study on 12 919 cases. Surg Endosc. 2001; 15 566-569
- 57 Hashizume M, Sugimashi K. Needle and trocar injury during laparoscopic surgery in Japan. Surg Endosc. 1997; 11 1198-1201
- 58 Schmedt C G, Leibl B J, Däubler P, Bittner R. Access-related complications – an analysis of 6023 consecutive laparoscopic hernia repairs. Min Invas Ther Allied Technol. 2001; 10 23-30
- 59 Chandler J G, Corson S L, Way L W. Three spectra of laparoscopic entry access injuries. J Am Coll Surg. 2001; 192 478-490
- 60 Kornfield E A, Sant G R, O’Leary M P. Minilaparotomy for laparoscopy: not a foolproof procedure. J Endourol. 1994; 8 353-355
- 61 Luijendijk R W, Hop W C, van den Tol M P. et al . A comparison of suture repair with mesh repair for incisional hernia. NEJM. 2000; 343 392-398
- 62 Bittner R, Schmedt C G, Schwarz J. et al . Laparoscopic transperitoneal procedure for routine repair of groin hernias. Br J Surg. 2002; 89 1062-1066
- 63 Bowrey D J, Blom D, Crookes P F. et al . Risk factors and the prevalence of trocar site herniation after laparoscopic fundoplication. Surg Endosc. 2001; 15 663-666
- 64 Holzinger F, Klaiber C. [Trokarhernien: Eine seltene, potenziell gefährliche Komplikation nach laparoskopischen Eingriffen.] Chirurg. 2002; 73 899-904
- 65 Boni L, Beneveto A, Rovera F. et al . Infective complications in laparoscopic surgery. Surg Infect. 2006; 7 (Suppl. 2) 109-111
- 66 Strickland A K, Martindale R G. The increased incidence of intraabdominal infections in laparoscopic procedures. Surg Endosc. 2005; 19 874-881
- 67 Haricharan R N, Aprahamian C J, Morgan T L. et al . Smaller scars-what is the big deal: a survey of the perceived value of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. J Pediatr Surg. 2008; 43 92-96
C. N. Gutt, MD
Department of General Surgery
University of
Heidelberg
Im Neuenheimer Feld 110
69120
Heidelberg
Germany
Fax: +49-6221-568645
Email: carsten_gutt@med.uni-heidelberg.de