Download PDF
Semin intervent Radiol 2008; 25(3): 293-309
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085929
© by Thieme Medical Publishers

Embolization in the Head and Neck

Daniel Cooke1 , 3 , Basavaraj Ghodke1 , 3 , Sabareesh Kumar Natarajan2 , 3 , Danial Hallam1 , 3
  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
  • 2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
  • 3University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
30 September 2008 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

In this article, we review current practices in therapeutic embolization of the head and neck. Major applications including vascular malformations, highly vascular tumors, trauma, and other sources of hemorrhage are discussed. We emphasize the importance of a thorough knowledge of head and neck vascular anatomy, especially of potential connections to critical territories not intended for embolization. The choice of embolic agent and its effect on safety and efficacy of treatment are presented.

KEYWORDS

Intervention - head and neck - vascular malformation - tumor - bleeding

REFERENCES

  • 1 Morris P P. Practical Neuroangiography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia; Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Byrne J. Interventional Neuroradiology. Oxford, UK; Oxford University Press 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Osborn A. Diagnostic Angiography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia; Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Bouthillier A, van Loveren H, Keller J. Segments of the internal carotid artery: a new classification.  Neurosurgery. 1996;  38(3) 425-432 discussion 432-433
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Lapresle J, Lasjaunias P. Cranial nerve ischaemic arterial syndromes. A review.  Brain. 1986;  109(Pt 1) 207-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Lasjaunias P, Doyon D. The ascending pharyngeal artery and the blood supply of the lower cranial nerves.  J Neuroradiol. 1978;  5(4) 287-301
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Burrows P E, Laor T, Paltiel H, Robertson R L. Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of vascular birthmarks.  Dermatol Clin. 1998;  16(3) 455-488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Fishman S J, Mulliken J B. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of infancy and childhood.  Pediatr Clin North Am. 1993;  40(6) 1177-1200
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Haggstrom A N, Drolet B A Hemangioma Investigator Group et al.. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics.  J Pediatr. 2007;  150(3) 291-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Frieden I J, Haggstrom A N, Drolet B et al.. Infantile hemangiomas: current knowledge, future directions. Proceedings of a research workshop on infantile hemangiomas, April 7–9, 2005, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.  Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;  22(5) 383-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mulliken J B, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;  69(3) 412-422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Ezekowitz R A, Mulliken J B, Folkman J. Interferon alfa-2a therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy.  N Engl J Med. 1992;  326(22) 1456-1463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Fishman S J, Mulliken J B. Vascular anomalies. A primer for pediatricians.  Pediatr Clin North Am. 1998;  45(6) 1455-1477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Bittles M A, Sidhu M K, Sze R W et al.. Multidetector CT angiography of pediatric vascular malformations and hemangiomas: utility of 3-D reformatting in differential diagnosis.  Pediatr Radiol. 2005;  35(11) 1100-1106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Dubois J, Patriquin H, Garel L et al.. Soft-tissue hemangiomas in infants and children: diagnosis using Doppler sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;  171(1) 247-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hovius S E, Borg D H, Paans P R, Pieterman H. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in combination with angiography in patients with vascular malformations: a prospective study.  Ann Plast Surg. 1996;  37(3) 278-285
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Kern S, Niemeyer C, Darge K et al.. Differentiation of vascular birthmarks by MR imaging. An investigation of hemangiomas, venous and lymphatic malformations.  Acta Radiol. 2000;  41(5) 453-457
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Konez O, Burrows P, Mulliken J, Fishman S, Kozakewich H. Angiographic features of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH).  Pediatr Radiol. 2003;  33(1) 15-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Meyer J S, Hoffer F A, Barnes P D, Mulliken J B. Biological classification of soft-tissue vascular anomalies: MR correlation.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;  157(3) 559-564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Laor T, Jaramillo D, Hoffer F, Kasser J. MR imaging in congenital lower limb deformities.  Pediatr Radiol. 1996;  26(6) 381-387
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Laor T, Burrows P. Congenital anomalies and vascular birthmarks of the lower extremities.  Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1998;  6(3) 497-519
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Haggstrom A N, Drolet B A, Baselga E et al.. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment.  Pediatrics. 2006;  118(3) 882-887
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Fishman S J, Burrows P, Leichtner A, Mulliken J. Gastrointestinal manifestations of vascular anomalies in childhood: varied etiologies require multiple therapeutic modalities.  J Pediatr Surg. 1998;  33(7) 1163-1167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Achauer B M, Chang C J, Vander Kam V M. Management of hemangioma of infancy: review of 245 patients.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;  99(5) 1301-1308
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Chamlin S, Haggstrom A, Drolet B et al.. Multicenter prospective study of ulcerated hemangiomas.  J Pediatr. 2007;  151(6) 684-689 , erratum in: J Pediatr 2008;152(4):597
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Waner M, North P, Scherer K et al.. The nonrandom distribution of facial hemangiomas.  Arch Dermatol. 2003;  139(7) 869-875
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Metry D W, Haggstrom A N, Drolet B A et al.. A prospective study of PHACE syndrome in infantile hemangiomas: demographic features, clinical findings, and complications.  Am J Med Genet A. 2006;  140(9) 975-986
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Jianhong L, Xianliang H, Xuewu J. Transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment of extensive maxillofacial hemangioma in children.  World J Surg. 2005;  29(12) 1550-1556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Andronikou S, Mandelstam S, Fasulakis S. MRI and preoperative embolization of a nasal cavity haemangioma in a child.  Australas Radiol. 2003;  47(4) 386-388
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Konior R J, Holinger L D, Russell E J. Superselective embolization of laryngeal hemangioma.  Laryngoscope. 1988;  98(8 Pt 1) 830-834
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Burrows P E, Lasjaunias P L, Ter Brugge K G, Flodmark O. Urgent and emergent embolization of lesions of the head and neck in children: indications and results.  Pediatrics. 1987;  80(3) 386-394
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kaneko R, Tohnai I, Ueda M et al.. Curative treatment of central hemangioma in the mandible by direct puncture and embolisation with n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (NBCA).  Oral Oncol. 2001;  37(7) 605-608
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 O'Donovan J C, Donaldson J S, Morello F P et al.. Symptomatic hemangiomas and venous malformations in infants, children, and young adults: treatment with percutaneous injection of sodium tetradecyl sulfate.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;  169(3) 723-729
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Hayashi N, Masumoto T, Okubo T et al.. Hemangiomas in the face and extremities: MR-guided sclerotherapy–optimization with monitoring of signal intensity changes in vivo.  Radiology. 2003;  226(2) 567-572
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Winter H, Dräger E, Sterry W. Sclerotherapy for treatment of hemangiomas.  Dermatol Surg. 2000;  26(2) 105-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Harnsberger R H. Diagnostic Imaging: Head and Neck. Salt Lake City, UT; Amirsys 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Lee B-B, Do Y, Yakes W, Kim D, Mattassi R, Hyon W S. Management of arteriovenous malformations: a multidisciplinary approach.  J Vasc Surg. 2004;  39(3) 590-600
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Jordan O, Doelker E, Rufenacht D. Biomaterials used in injectable implants (liquid embolics) for percutaneous filling of vascular spaces.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;  28(5) 561-569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Jacobowitz G, Rosen R J, Rockman C B et al.. Transcatheter embolization of complex pelvic vascular malformations: results and long-term follow-up.  J Vasc Surg. 2001;  33(1) 51-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Yakes W F, Haas D K, Parker S H et al.. Symptomatic vascular malformations: ethanol embolotherapy.  Radiology. 1989;  170(3 Pt 2) 1059-1066
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Do Y S, Yakes W F, Shin S W et al.. Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations: interim results.  Radiology. 2005;  235(2) 674-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Teitelbaum G P, Halbach V V, Fraser K W et al.. Direct-puncture coil embolization of maxillofacial high-flow vascular malformations.  Laryngoscope. 1994;  104(11 Pt 1) 1397-1400
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Halbach V V, Dowd C F, Higashida R T, Balousek P A, Urwin R W. Preliminary experience with an electrolytically detachable fibered coil.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;  19(4) 773-777
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Kim B S, Lee S K, terBrugge K G. Endovascular treatment of congenital arteriovenous fistulae of the internal maxillary artery.  Neuroradiology. 2003;  45(7) 445-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Rodesch G, Soupre V, Vazquez M, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P. Arteriovenous malformations of the dental arcades. The place of endovascular therapy: results in 12 cases are presented.  J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998;  26(5) 306-313
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Giaoui L, Princ G, Chiras J, Guilbert F, Bertrand J. Treatment of vascular malformations of the mandible: a description of 12 cases.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;  32(2) 132-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Beaujeux R, Laurent A, Wassef M et al.. Trisacryl gelatin microspheres for therapeutic embolization II: preliminary clinical evaluation in tumors and arteriovenous malformations.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;  17(3) 541-548
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Saini A, Jackson J E. Arteriovenous fistulas of the facial artery after mandibular surgery: treatment by embolization.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;  190(1) W35–40
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Fan X, Zhang Z, Zhang C et al.. Direct-puncture embolization of intraosseous arteriovenous malformation of jaws.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;  60(8) 890-896 discussion 896-897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Benndorf G, Campi A, Hell B et al.. Endovascular management of a bleeding mandibular arteriovenous malformation by transfemoral venous embolization with NBCA.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;  22(2) 359-362
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ryu C W, Whang S M, Suh D C et al.. Percutaneous direct puncture glue embolization of high-flow craniofacial arteriovenous lesions: a new circular ring compression device with a beveled edge.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;  28(3) 528-530
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Lee B B, Do Y S, Byun H S et al.. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results.  J Vasc Surg. 2003;  37(3) 533-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Gelbert F, Enjolras O, Deffrenne D et al.. Percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous malformation of the lips: a retrospective study of 23 patients.  Neuroradiology. 2000;  42(9) 692-696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Sidhu M K, Perkins J A, Shaw D W, Bittles M A, Andrews R T. Ultrasound-guided endovenous diode laser in the treatment of congenital venous malformations: preliminary experience.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;  16(6) 879-884
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Berenguer B, Burrows P, Zurakowski D, Mulliken J. Sclerotherapy of craniofacial venous malformations: complications and results.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;  104(1) 1-11 discussion 12-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Siniluoto T M, Svendsen P A, Wikholm G M, Fogdestam I, Edström S. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations of the head and neck using sodium tetradecyl sulphate (sotradecol).  Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1997;  31(2) 145-150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 van der Linden E, Overbosch J, Kroft L. Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of symptomatic low-flow vascular malformations after previous unsuccessful therapy.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;  16(5) 747-750
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Puig S, Aref H, Brunelle F. Double-needle sclerotherapy of lymphangiomas and venous angiomas in children: a simple technique to prevent complications.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;  180(5) 1399-1401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Cordes B M, Seidel F G, Sulek M, Giannoni C M, Friedman E M. Doxycycline sclerotherapy as the primary treatment for head and neck lymphatic malformations.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;  137(6) 962-964
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Baskin D, Tander B, Bankaoğlu M. Local bleomycin injection in the treatment of lymphangioma.  Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2005;  15(6) 383-386
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Emran M A, Dubois J, Laberge L et al.. Alcoholic solution of zein (Ethibloc) sclerotherapy for treatment of lymphangiomas in children.  J Pediatr Surg. 2006;  41(5) 975-979
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Edwards P D, Rahbar R, Ferraro N F, Burrows P E, Mulliken J B. Lymphatic malformation of the lingual base and oral floor.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;  115(7) 1906-1915
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Greene A K, Burrows P E, Smith L, Mulliken J B. Periorbital lymphatic malformation: clinical course and management in 42 patients.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;  115(1) 22-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Laranne J, Keski-Nisula L, Rautio R, Rautiainen M, Airaksinen M. OK-432 (Picibanil) therapy for lymphangiomas in children.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;  259(5) 274-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Lee B B, Kim Y, Seo J et al.. Current concepts in lymphatic malformation.  Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005;  39(1) 67-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Okazaki T, Iwatani S, Yanai T et al.. Treatment of lymphangioma in children: our experience of 128 cases.  J Pediatr Surg. 2007;  42(2) 386-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Chaloupka J C, Mangla S, Huddle D C et al.. Evolving experience with direct puncture therapeutic embolization for adjunctive and palliative management of head and neck hypervascular neoplasms.  Laryngoscope. 1999;  109(11) 1864-1872
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Kovács A F, Turowski B. Chemoembolization of oral and oropharyngeal cancer using a high-dose cisplatin crystal suspension and degradable starch microspheres.  Oral Oncol. 2002;  38(1) 87-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kovács A F, Obitz P, Wagner M. Monocomponent chemoembolization in oral and oropharyngeal cancer using an aqueous crystal suspension of cisplatin.  Br J Cancer. 2002;  86(2) 196-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kovács A F. Chemoembolization using cisplatin crystals as neoadjuvant treatment of oral cancer.  Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2005;  20(3) 267-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Yang J, Ma X, Zou Z, Wei S. Experimental maxillofacial arterial chemoembolization with encased-cisplatin ethylcellulose microspheres.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;  16(5) 1037-1041
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 van Es R J, Nijsen J F, van het Schip A D et al.. Intra-arterial embolization of head-and-neck cancer with radioactive holmium-166 poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres: an experimental study in rabbits.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;  30(5) 407-413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Rosen C L, Ammerman J M, Sekhar L N, Bank W O. Outcome analysis of preoperative embolization in cranial base surgery.  Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;  144(11) 1157-1164
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Gruber A, Bavinzski G, Killer M, Richling B. Preoperative embolization of hypervascular skull base tumors.  Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2000;  43(2) 62-71
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Oka H, Kurata A, Kawano N et al.. Preoperative superselective embolization of skull-base meningiomas: indications and limitations.  J Neurooncol. 1998;  40(1) 67-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Nelson P K, Setton A, Choi I S, Ransohoff J, Berenstein A. Current status of interventional neuroradiology in the management of meningiomas.  Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1994;  5(2) 235-259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Pauw B K, Makek M S, Fisch U, Valavanis A. Preoperative embolization of paragangliomas (glomus tumors) of the head and neck: histopathologic and clinical features.  Skull Base Surg. 1993;  3(1) 37-44
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Kasper G C, Welling R E, Wladis A R et al.. A multidisciplinary approach to carotid paragangliomas.  Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2006;  40(6) 467-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Persky M S, Setton A, Niimi Y et al.. Combined endovascular and surgical treatment of head and neck paragangliomas–a team approach.  Head Neck. 2002;  24(5) 423-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Tikkakoski T, Luotonen J, Leinonen S et al.. Preoperative embolization in the management of neck paragangliomas.  Laryngoscope. 1997;  107(6) 821-826
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Liu D G, Ma X C, Li B M, Zhang J G. Clinical study of preoperative angiography and embolization of hypervascular neoplasms in the oral and maxillofacial region.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;  101(1) 102-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Quadros R S, Gallas S, Delcourt C et al.. Preoperative embolization of a cervicodorsal paraganglioma by direct percutaneous injection of Onyx and endovascular delivery of particles.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;  27(9) 1907-1909
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Abud D G, Mounayer C, Benndorf G et al.. Intratumoral injection of cyanoacrylate glue in head and neck paragangliomas.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;  25(9) 1457-1462
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Casasco A, Houdart E, Biondi A et al.. Major complications of percutaneous embolization of skull-base tumors.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;  20(1) 179-181
    Google Scholar
  • 85 Roche P H, Paris J, Régis J et al.. Management of invasive juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: the role of a multimodality approach.  Neurosurgery. 2007;  61(4) 768-777 discussion 777
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Li J R, Qian J, Shan X Z, Wang L. Evaluation of the effectiveness of preoperative embolization in surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;  255(8) 430-432
    Google Scholar
  • 87 Moulin G, Chagnaud C, Gras R et al.. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: comparison of blood loss during removal in embolized group versus nonembolized group.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1995;  18(3) 158-161
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Roberson G H, Price A C, Davis J M, Gulati A. Therapeutic embolization of juvenile angiofibroma.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;  133(4) 657-663
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Tranbahuy P, Borsik M, Herman P, Wassef M, Casasco A. Direct intratumoral embolization of juvenile angiofibroma.  Am J Otolaryngol. 1994;  15(6) 429-435
    Google Scholar
  • 90 George B, Casasco A, Deffrennes D, Houdart E. Intratumoral embolization of intracranial and extracranial tumors: technical note.  Neurosurgery. 1994;  35(4) 771-773 discussion 773-774
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Pritchyk K M, Schiff B A, Newkirk K A, Krowiak E, Deeb Z E. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the head and neck.  Laryngoscope. 2002;  112(9) 1598-1602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Oguni T, Korogi Y, Yasunaga T et al.. Superselective embolisation for intractable idiopathic epistaxis.  Br J Radiol. 2000;  73(875) 1148-1153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Tseng E Y, Narducci C A, Willing S J, Sillers M J. Angiographic embolization for epistaxis: a review of 114 cases.  Laryngoscope. 1998;  108(4 Pt 1) 615-619
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Layton K F, Kallmes D F, Gray L A, Cloft H J. Endovascular treatment of epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;  28(5) 885-888
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Ho K, Hutter J, Eskridge J et al.. The management of life-threatening haemorrhage following blunt facial trauma.  J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;  59(12) 1257-1262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Borsa J J, Fontaine A B, Eskridge J M et al.. Transcatheter arterial embolization for intractable epistaxis secondary to gunshot wounds.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;  10(3) 297-302
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Komiyama M, Nishikawa M, Kan M, Shigemoto T, Kaji A. Endovascular treatment of intractable oronasal bleeding associated with severe craniofacial injury.  J Trauma. 1998;  44(2) 330-334
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Menon R, Kerry S, Norris J, Markus H. Treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;  , February 26 (Epub ahead of print)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Chou W C, Lu C H, Lin G et al.. Transcutaneous arterial embolization to control massive tumor bleeding in head and neck cancer: 63 patients' experiences from a single medical center.  Support Care Cancer. 2007;  15(10) 1185-1190
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Sesterhenn A M, Iwinska-Zelder J, Dalchow C V, Bien S, Werner J A. Acute haemorrhage in patients with advanced head and neck cancer: value of endovascular therapy as palliative treatment option.  J Laryngol Otol. 2006;  120(2) 117-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Zähringer M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Gossmann A et al.. Percutaneous embolization for cervicofacial neoplasms and hemorrhages.  ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2005;  67(6) 348-360
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Kakizawa H, Toyota N, Naito A, Ito K. Endovascular therapy for management of oral hemorrhage in malignant head and neck tumors.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;  28(6) 722-729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Sittel C, Gossmann A, Jungehülsing M, Zähringer M. Superselective embolization as palliative treatment of recurrent hemorrhage in advanced carcinoma of the head and neck.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001;  110(12) 1126-1128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Remonda L, Schroth G, Caversaccio M et al.. Endovascular treatment of acute and subacute hemorrhage in the head and neck.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;  126(10) 1255-1262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Roh J L, Suh D C, Kim M R et al.. Endovascular management of carotid blowout syndrome in patients with head and neck cancers.  Oral Oncol. 2008;  , January 19 (Epub ahead of print)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Lesley W S, Chaloupka J C, Weigele J B, Mangla S, Dogar M. Preliminary experience with endovascular reconstruction for the management of carotid blowout syndrome.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;  24(5) 975-981
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Chaloupka J C, Putman C, Citardi M, Ross D, Sasaki C. Endovascular therapy for the carotid blowout syndrome in head and neck surgical patients: diagnostic and managerial considerations.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;  17(5) 843-852
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Chang F C, Lirng J F, Luo C B et al.. Carotid blowout syndrome in patients with head-and-neck cancers: reconstructive management by self-expandable stent-grafts.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;  28(1) 181-188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Basavaraj GhodkeM.D. 

Director, Interventional Neuroradiology, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center

325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359728, WA 98104

Email: bghodke@u.washington.edu