Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über den heutigen Stand
der Forschung in Achtsamkeitsmeditation für krebskranke Menschen.
Achtsamkeitsmeditation (Mindfulness) und das darauf basierende
Mindfulness-Based-Stress-Reduction Programm (MBSR) wird in den letzten Jahren
auch zunehmend häufiger als ein flankierendes Therapieangebot für
krebskranke Menschen eingesetzt. Achtsamkeit kann als ein Bewusstseinszustand
beschrieben werden, der auf ein klares und nicht-wertendes Gewahrsein dessen
abzielt, was in jedem Augenblick geschieht. Achtsamkeitsmeditation ist eine
Meditationsform, mit deren Hilfe man lernen kann, den Moment wahrzunehmen und
Körperempfindungen, Gedanken, Gefühle zu betrachten und diese zu
akzeptieren, ohne sie kognitiv oder emotional zu bewerten. Das standardisierte
MBSR-Basistraining besteht aus einem achtwöchigen Gruppenangebot von
1,5 Stunden Dauer pro Woche, sowie zusätzlich einen ganzen Tag der
Achtsamkeit. Zusätzlich wird von den Teilnehmern verlangt, dass sie
täglich 30 – 45 min eigenständig
praktizieren. In letzter Zeit ist ein Anstieg von Studien zu beobachten, die
trotz einiger methodischer Mängel in der Summe darauf hindeuten, dass
Achtsamkeitsmeditation eine wirkungsvolle Begleitmaßnahme zu Behandlung
von Krebs darstellen kann. Dabei kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass der mit
Achtsamkeit verbundene Bewusstseinszustand aufgrund seiner komplexen
psychophysikalischen Wechselwirkung seine salutogenetische Wirkung entfalten
kann. Trotz einiger Hinweise konnten gegenwärtig jedoch noch keine
spezifischen Wirkmechanismen identifiziert werden. In weiteren Schritten sollte
daher untersucht werden, ob die Effekte einfach durch Entspannung oder die
Zuwendung im Rahmen der Gruppenarbeit zustande kommen oder spezifisch mit der
Achtsamkeitsmeditation verbunden sind. Hierzu sind Studien mit aktiver
Kontrolle nötig, die derzeit nicht in ausreichendem Ausmaß
vorliegen.
Summary
The following article provides an overview on mindfulness meditation
and cancer. In the last years mindfulness meditation and the corresponding
Mindfulness-Based-Stress-Reduction Programm (MBSR) has become more popular as a
complementary therapy for patients with cancer disease. Mindfulness may be
understood as a state of mind that focuses on the direct and immediate
perception of the present moment with a state of open and receptive but
non-judgemental awareness, voluntarily suspending evaluative cognitive
feedback. The standardized MBSR program is an eight-week program that consists
of 1.5 hour group meditation as well as a whole day of mindfulness. During
the program participants are additionally supposed to practice mindfulness
meditation on a daily basis for 30 – 45 minutes.
Recently a distinct increase in the amount of studies investigating mindfulness
meditation for treating cancer could be observed. Although there are not many
high quality studies available as yet, the existing studies suggest that
mindfulness meditation may be regarded as an effective complementary therapy
for cancer patients, which is able to produce salutogenetic effects by means of
a complex psychophysiological interplay. However, despite some indications, for
the time being, no distinct psychophysiological pathways have been identified.
Further research should thus focus on the question, if the observed health
effects may be attributed to relaxation response or the social support of the
meditation group or if they can only be explained as a specific effect of
mindfulness meditation. Therefore, high quality studies with active control
elements are necessary in order to answer that question.
Schlüsselwörter
Achtsamkeit - Meditation - Krebs - Mindfulness-based Stress Reduktion - MBSR - Psychophysiologie - Komplementärmedizin
Keywords
mindfulness - meditation - cancer - mindfulness-based stress reduction - MBSR - psychophysiology - complementary medicine
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Korrespondenzadresse
Dr. med. Marie-Louise Gander
Oberärztin Psychosomatik
Dept. Allgemeine Innere
Medizin
Inselspital
CH-3010 Bern, Schweiz
eMail: marie-louise.gander@insel.ch
