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DOI: 10.1055/a-2787-4646
Acute complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations – a radiological perspective
Akute Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantationen – eine radiologische PerspektiveAuthors
Abstract
Background
The number of stem cell transplants for hematologic malignancies has doubled since 2000 and continues to rise. Acute complications within the first 100 days post-transplant are linked to high morbidity and mortality of up to 30%. Since all organ systems can be affected and symptoms may be subtle, imaging plays a central role in early detection and monitoring of these complications. In response to increasing transplant numbers, expanding indications, and rapid therapeutic advances, the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) revised its handbook in 2024. Most existing reviews on imaging acute complications post-transplant are five to ten years old. This article aims to provide an updated overview for radiologists increasingly confronted with acute complications after stem cell transplantation.
Method
The structure of this systematic review follows the updated EBMT Handbook. A systematic search was conducted in the PUBMED database to identify original studies on imaging of acute post-transplant complications from the past five years. A supplementary selective search helped to integrate the findings into the EBMT-handbook-aligned framework. A total of 29 original studies published in the last five years were included, providing new insights into imaging of acute complications post-HSCT.
Conclusion
This review offers a concise overview of typical acute organ-specific complications following stem cell transplantation and highlights recent advances in imaging.
Key Points
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Acute complications after stem cell transplantation are still associated with high mortality.
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Imaging is essential for early diagnosis and management.
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This review presents an updated, guideline-based overview of typical acute post-transplant complications.
Citation Format
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Brandt J, Helfen A. Acute complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations – a radiological perspective. Rofo 2026; DOI 10.1055/a-2787-4646
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Zahl der Stammzelltransplantationen zur Behandlung hämatoonkologischer Erkrankungen hat sich seit dem Jahr 2000 verdoppelt und steigt weiter kontinuierlich an. Akute Komplikationen innerhalb von 100 Tagen nach der Transplantation sind mit einer erheblichen Morbidität und Sterblichkeit bis zu 30% assoziiert. Da alle Organsysteme betroffen und Symptome subtil sein können, kommt der Bildgebung eine zentrale Rolle bei der Früherkennung und Verlaufskontrolle von Komplikationen zu. Vor dem Hintergrund wachsender Fallzahlen, neuer Indikationen und therapeutischer Innovationen hat die europäische Gesellschaft für Stammzelltransplantationen (EBMT) ihr Handbuch 2024 grundlegend überarbeitet. Viele Übersichtsarbeiten zur Bildgebung solcher Komplikationen sind bereits fünf bis zehn Jahre alt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, eine aktualisierte Studienübersicht zur Bildgebung akuter Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantationen für die zunehmende Zahl an RadiologInnen bereitzustellen, die Patienten im Verlauf nach Stammzelltransplantationen bildgebend betreuen.
Methode
Die Gliederung folgt dem aktualisierten EBMT-Handbuch. Für dieses systematische Review wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche in der Meta-Datenbank PUBMED durchgeführt, die Originalarbeiten der letzten fünf Jahre zur Bildgebung akuter Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantationen identifizierte. Eine ergänzende selektive Suche diente der Einbettung in den an das EBMT-Handbuch angelegten Rahmen der Arbeit. Insgesamt wurden 29 Originalarbeiten eingeschlossen, die neue Erkenntnisse zur Bildgebung akuter Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantation lieferten.
Schlussfolgerung
Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über typische, akute, verschiedenen Organsystemen zugeordnete Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantationen und fasst aktuelle Entwicklungen der Bildgebung auf diesem Gebiet zusammen.
Kernaussagen
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Akute Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantation sind weiterhin mit hoher Mortalität verbunden.
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Bildgebung spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei Erkennung und Management dieser Komplikationen.
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Die Übersicht bietet eine aktuelle, leitlinienbasierte Zusammenfassung typischer akuter Komplikationen nach Stammzelltransplantationen.
Keywords
hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation - acute - complications - imaging - European Society for Blood and Marrow TransplantationPublication History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted after revision: 04 January 2026
Article published online:
10 February 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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