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DOI: 10.1055/a-2768-2102
Green and Sustainable Syntheses of Quinoxaline Derivatives via Nicotinamide Catalysis in Water
Authors
Abstract
The synthesis of medicinally significant quinoxaline derivatives, utilizing quinoxaline as a heterocyclic scaffold, was efficiently achieved with catalytic amounts of nicotinamide, one of the B-vitamins and a cost-effective, nontoxic, and readily available catalyst, in water, yielding excellent results with merely 10 mol% catalyst loading. A systematic examination of the reaction parameters, including solvent and catalyst loading, was conducted to optimize the yield. Various aromatic and aliphatic 1,2-diketones and 1,2-diamines, such as substituted phenylenediamines and heterocyclic diamines, were subjected to nicotinamide-catalyzed condensation, producing 20 quinoxaline derivatives in high yields (85–96%). The reaction products were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectral analyses. This green and sustainable method, utilizing water as a solvent, highlights quinoxaline’s potential as a valuable scaffold in the medicinal chemistry of small-molecule drugs for diverse therapeutic applications.
Publication History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted after revision: 08 December 2025
Accepted Manuscript online:
09 December 2025
Article published online:
13 February 2026
© 2026. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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Sandip J. Detke, Omkar C. Harasure, Sai Srinivas Ponugoti, Shreerang V. Joshi, Prashant S. Kharkar. Green and Sustainable Syntheses of Quinoxaline Derivatives via Nicotinamide Catalysis in Water. Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2026; 03: a27682102.
DOI: 10.1055/a-2768-2102
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