PDF herunterladen
CC BY 4.0 · Semin Neurol
DOI: 10.1055/a-2566-4073
Review Article

Sleep as the Foundation of Brain Health

Abubaker Ibrahim
1   Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
,
Birgit Högl
1   Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
,
Ambra Stefani
1   Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
› Institutsangaben Funding None.
› Weitere Informationen
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Sleep is a vital function, taking about one-third of a human lifetime, and is essential for achieving and maintaining brain health. From homeostatic neurophysiology to emotional and procedural memory processing to clearance of brain waste, sleep and circadian alignment remain paramount. Yet modern lifestyles and clinical practice often dismiss sleep, resulting in profound long-term repercussions. This chapter examines the roles of sleep and circadian rhythms in memory consolidation, synaptic plasticity, and clearance of metabolic waste, highlighting recent advances in neuroscience research. We explore how insufficient and disordered sleep—a public health concern—can impair cognition, escalate neurodegenerative risks, and compromise neurovascular integrity, thereby impacting brain health. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive screening for disturbed sleep and targeted interventions in clinical practice. Emerging interventions and AI-driven technologies may allow early detection and personalized and individualized treatments and improve outcomes. Overall, this chapter reaffirms that healthy sleep is indispensable at any level of neurological disease prevention—on par with the role of diet and exercise in cardiovascular health—and represents the foundation of brain health.

Keywords

neurodegeneration - stroke - sleep deprivation - circadian rhythm - glymphatic system - memory


Publikationsverlauf

Accepted Manuscript online:
26. März 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
25. April 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Klinzing JG, Niethard N, Born J. Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22 (10) 1598-1610
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Wang G, Grone B, Colas D, Appelbaum L, Mourrain P. Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34 (09) 452-463
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Nedergaard M, Goldman SA. Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia. Science 2020; 370 (6512) 50-56
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Golombek DA, Booi L, Campbell D. et al. Sleep diplomacy: an approach to boosting global brain health. Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4 (08) e368-e370
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G. et al; Consensus Conference Panel, Non-Participating Observers, American Academy of Sleep Medicine Staff. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11 (06) 591-592
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Lim DC, Najafi A, Afifi L. et al; World Sleep Society Global Sleep Health Taskforce. The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8 (10) e820-e826
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Ibrahim A, Högl B, Stefani A. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and neurodegeneration: actionability to improve brain health. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 2024; 8: 11
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Mayer-Suess L, Ibrahim A, Moelgg K. et al. Sleep disorders as both risk factors for, and a consequence of, stroke: a narrative review. Int J Stroke 2024; 19 (05) 490-498
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Mirmiran M, Scholtens J, van de Poll NE, Uylings HB, van der Gugten J, Boer GJ. Effects of experimental suppression of active (REM) sleep during early development upon adult brain and behavior in the rat. Brain Res 1983; 283 (2-3): 277-286
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Borbély AA. Circadian rhythm of vigilance in rats: modulation by short light-dark cycles. Neurosci Lett 1975; 1 (01) 67-71
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Borbély A. The two-process model of sleep regulation: beginnings and outlook. J Sleep Res 2022; 31 (04) e13598
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Scammell TE, Arrigoni E, Lipton JO. Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 2017; 93 (04) 747-765
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Morairty SR, Dittrich L, Pasumarthi RK. et al. A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110 (50) 20272-20277
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Eban-Rothschild A, Appelbaum L, de Lecea L. Neuronal mechanisms for sleep/wake regulation and modulatory drive. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43 (05) 937-952
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Zisapel N. New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175 (16) 3190-3199
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Leng Y, Musiek ES, Hu K, Cappuccio FP, Yaffe K. Association between circadian rhythms and neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18 (03) 307-318
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Logan RW, McClung CA. Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20 (01) 49-65
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Chen CY, Logan RW, Ma T. et al. Effects of aging on circadian patterns of gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113 (01) 206-211
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Klein R, Klein BE. The prevalence of age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in aging: current estimates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54 (14) F5 , F13
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T. Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep 2004; 27 (08) 1453-1462
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Lee KW, Yang CC, Chen CH, Hung CH, Chuang HY. Shift work is significantly and positively associated with dementia: a meta-analysis study. Front Public Health 2023; 11: 998464
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Teichman EM, O'Riordan KJ, Gahan CGM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. When rhythms meet the blues: circadian interactions with the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Cell Metab 2020; 31 (03) 448-471
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Verma AK, Singh S, Rizvi SI. Therapeutic potential of melatonin and its derivatives in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Biogerontology 2023; 24 (02) 183-206
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Bocheva G, Bakalov D, Iliev P, Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova R. The vital role of melatonin and its metabolites in the neuroprotection and retardation of brain aging. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25 (10) 25
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Troester MQuan SF, Berry RB. et al, for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine; The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Version 3:. Dariel, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2023
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep 2004; 27 (07) 1255-1273
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Taporoski TP, Beijamini F, Alexandria S. et al. Gender differences in the relationship between sleep and age in a Brazilian cohort: the Baependi Heart Study. J Sleep Res 2024; e14154 . Epub ahead of print.
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L. Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA 2000; 284 (07) 861-868
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Porkka-Heiskanen T, Strecker RE, Thakkar M, Bjorkum AA, Greene RW, McCarley RW. Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science 1997; 276 (5316) 1265-1268
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Bjorness TE, Dale N, Mettlach G. et al. An adenosine-mediated glial-neuronal circuit for homeostatic sleep. J Neurosci 2016; 36 (13) 3709-3721
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Hu Z, Lee CI, Shah VK. et al. Cordycepin increases nonrapid eye movement sleep via adenosine receptors in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 840134
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Feldberg W, Sherwood SL. Behaviour of cats after intraventricular injections of eserine and DFP. J Physiol 1954; 125 (03) 488-500
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Benington JH, Kodali SK, Heller HC. Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors mimics the electroencephalographic effects of sleep deprivation. Brain Res 1995; 692 (1-2): 79-85
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1992; 17 (02) 139-170
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Arnaud MJ. The pharmacology of caffeine. Prog Drug Res 1987; 31: 273-313
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Oike H, Kobori M, Suzuki T, Ishida N. Caffeine lengthens circadian rhythms in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410 (03) 654-658
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Pagnussat N, Almeida AS, Marques DM. et al. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are necessary and sufficient to trigger memory impairment in adult mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172 (15) 3831-3845
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Borota D, Murray E, Keceli G. et al. Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17 (02) 201-203
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Cao C, Loewenstein DA, Lin X. et al. High blood caffeine levels in MCI linked to lack of progression to dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30 (03) 559-572
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N. Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 (Suppl. 01) S187-S204
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Lopes JP, Pliássova A, Cunha RA. The physiological effects of caffeine on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the mouse hippocampus selectively depend on adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166: 313-321
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Ji Q, Yang Y, Xiong Y. et al. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors reverses early spatial memory defects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by promoting synaptic plasticity of adult-born granule cells. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15 (01) 187
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Carvalho K, Faivre E, Pietrowski MJ. et al; NeuroCEB Brain Bank. Exacerbation of C1q dysregulation, synaptic loss and memory deficits in tau pathology linked to neuronal adenosine A2A receptor. Brain 2019; 142 (11) 3636-3654
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Teramoto M, Yamagishi K, Muraki I, Tamakoshi A, Iso H. Coffee and green tea consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality among people with and without hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12 (02) e026477
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Kim E, Robinson NM, Newman BM. A brewed awakening: neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2022; 38 (01) 133-144
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 Kromhout MA, Rius Ottenheim N, Giltay E, Numans ME, Achterberg WP. Caffeine and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2019; 122: 85-91
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Kromhout MA, Jongerling J, Achterberg WP. Relation between caffeine and behavioral symptoms in elderly patients with dementia: an observational study. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18 (04) 407-410
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 de Pooter-Stijnman LMM, Vrijkotte S, Smalbrugge M. Effect of caffeine on sleep and behaviour in nursing home residents with dementia. Eur Geriatr Med 2018; 9 (06) 829-835
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Lin YS, Weibel J, Landolt HP. et al. Daily caffeine intake induces concentration-dependent medial temporal plasticity in humans: a multimodal double-blind randomized controlled trial. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31 (06) 3096-3106
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Lin YS, Lange D, Baur DM. et al. Repeated caffeine intake suppresses cerebral grey matter responses to chronic sleep restriction in an A1 adenosine receptor-dependent manner: a double-blind randomized controlled study with PET-MRI. Sci Rep 2024; 14 (01) 12724
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Korman M, Doyon J, Doljansky J, Carrier J, Dagan Y, Karni A. Daytime sleep condenses the time course of motor memory consolidation. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10 (09) 1206-1213
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Baena D, Cantero JL, Fuentemilla L, Atienza M. Weakly encoded memories due to acute sleep restriction can be rescued after one night of recovery sleep. Sci Rep 2020; 10 (01) 1449
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Ribeiro N, Gounden Y, Quaglino V. A full night's sleep at home improves memory performance in an associative and relational learning task. Dreaming 2020; 30 (02) 171-188
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Tucker MA, Hirota Y, Wamsley EJ, Lau H, Chaklader A, Fishbein W. A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2006; 86 (02) 241-247
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Mednick S, Nakayama K, Stickgold R. Sleep-dependent learning: a nap is as good as a night. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6 (07) 697-698
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Lahl O, Wispel C, Willigens B, Pietrowsky R. An ultra short episode of sleep is sufficient to promote declarative memory performance. J Sleep Res 2008; 17 (01) 3-10
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 57 Diekelmann S, Born J. The memory function of sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11 (02) 114-126
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Gais S, Lucas B, Born J. Sleep after learning aids memory recall. Learn Mem 2006; 13 (03) 259-262
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 59 Holz J, Piosczyk H, Landmann N. et al. The timing of learning before night-time sleep differentially affects declarative and procedural long-term memory consolidation in adolescents. PLoS One 2012; 7 (07) e40963
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Maquet P. The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 2001; 294 (5544) 1048-1052
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Gais S, Plihal W, Wagner U, Born J. Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3 (12) 1335-1339
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Fogel SM, Smith CT, Cote KA. Dissociable learning-dependent changes in REM and non-REM sleep in declarative and procedural memory systems. Behav Brain Res 2007; 180 (01) 48-61
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Rasch B, Büchel C, Gais S, Born J. Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science 2007; 315 (5817) 1426-1429
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 64 Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science 1994; 265 (5172) 676-679
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 65 Rosanova M, Ulrich D. Pattern-specific associative long-term potentiation induced by a sleep spindle-related spike train. J Neurosci 2005; 25 (41) 9398-9405
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 66 Morin A, Doyon J, Dostie V. et al. Motor sequence learning increases sleep spindles and fast frequencies in post-training sleep. Sleep 2008; 31 (08) 1149-1156
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 67 Skilling QM, Eniwaye B, Clawson BC. et al. Acetylcholine-gated current translates wake neuronal firing rate information into a spike timing-based code in Non-REM sleep, stabilizing neural network dynamics during memory consolidation. PLOS Comput Biol 2021; 17 (09) e1009424
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 68 Bellfy L, Smies CW, Bernhardt AR. et al. The clock gene Per1 may exert diurnal control over hippocampal memory consolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48 (12) 1789-1797
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 69 Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y. et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4 (147) 147ra111
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 70 Mestre H, Tithof J, Du T. et al. Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension. Nat Commun 2018; 9 (01) 4878
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 71 Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q. et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 2013; 342 (6156) 373-377
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 72 Hablitz LM, Vinitsky HS, Sun Q. et al. Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia. Sci Adv 2019; 5 (02) eaav5447
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 73 Hablitz LM, Plá V, Giannetto M. et al. Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow. Nat Commun 2020; 11 (01) 4411
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 74 Eide PK, Vinje V, Pripp AH, Mardal KA, Ringstad G. Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain. Brain 2021; 144 (03) 863-874
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 75 Han F, Chen J, Belkin-Rosen A. et al; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Reduced coupling between cerebrospinal fluid flow and global brain activity is linked to Alzheimer disease-related pathology. PLoS Biol 2021; 19 (06) e3001233
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 76 Miao A, Luo T, Hsieh B. et al. Brain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27 (06) 1046-1050
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 77 Henríquez-Beltrán M, Dreyse J, Jorquera J. et al. The U-shaped association between sleep duration, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular risk in a Hispanic/Latino clinically based cohort. J Clin Med 2023; 12 (15) 4961
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 78 You Y, Chen Y, Liu R. et al. Inverted U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and phenotypic age in US adults: a population-based study. Sci Rep 2024; 14 (01) 6247
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 79 Dong L, Xie Y, Zou X. Association between sleep duration and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2022; 296: 183-188
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 80 Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P. Sleep deprivation: impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007; 3 (05) 553-567
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 81 Lucey BP, Hicks TJ, McLeland JS. et al. Effect of sleep on overnight cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β kinetics. Ann Neurol 2018; 83 (01) 197-204
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 82 Arrigoni E, Chamberlin NL, Saper CB, McCarley RW. Adenosine inhibits basal forebrain cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 2006; 140 (02) 403-413
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 83 Maurer SV, Williams CL. The cholinergic system modulates memory and hippocampal plasticity via its interactions with non-neuronal cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 1489
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 84 Shokri-Kojori E, Wang GJ, Wiers CE. et al. β-Amyloid accumulation in the human brain after one night of sleep deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115 (17) 4483-4488
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 85 Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J. et al. Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia. Nat Commun 2021; 12 (01) 2289
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 86 Ibrahim A, Cesari M, Heidbreder A. et al. Sleep features and long-term incident neurodegeneration: a polysomnographic study. Sleep 2024; 47 (03) 47
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 87 Windred DP, Burns AC, Lane JM. et al. Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: a prospective cohort study. Sleep 2024; 47 (01) 253
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 88 Wang JL, Lim AS, Chiang WY. et al. Suprachiasmatic neuron numbers and rest-activity circadian rhythms in older humans. Ann Neurol 2015; 78 (02) 317-322
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 89 Cermakian N, Lamont EW, Boudreau P, Boivin DB. Circadian clock gene expression in brain regions of Alzheimer's disease patients and control subjects. J Biol Rhythms 2011; 26 (02) 160-170
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 90 Iranzo A. Sleep in neurodegenerative diseases. Sleep Med Clin 2016; 11 (01) 1-18
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 91 Stefani A, Högl B. Sleep in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45 (01) 121-128
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 92 Galbiati A, Verga L, Giora E, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L. The risk of neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 43: 37-46
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 93 Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hu M. et al. Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain 2019; 142 (03) 744-759
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 94 Iranzo A, Stefani A, Serradell M. et al; SINBAR (Sleep Innsbruck Barcelona) group. Characterization of patients with longstanding idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2017; 89 (03) 242-248
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 95 Yaffe K, Laffan AM, Harrison SL. et al. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA 2011; 306 (06) 613-619
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 96 Blackwell T, Yaffe K, Ancoli-Israel S. et al; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group. Associations between sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing and cognition in older community-dwelling men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59 (12) 2217-2225
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 97 Blackwell T, Yaffe K, Laffan A. et al; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group. Associations of objectively and subjectively measured sleep quality with subsequent cognitive decline in older community-dwelling men: the MrOS sleep study. Sleep 2014; 37 (04) 655-663
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 98 Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pirraglia E. et al; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology 2015; 84 (19) 1964-1971
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 99 Lutsey PL, Misialek JR, Mosley TH. et al. Sleep characteristics and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14 (02) 157-166
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 100 Leng Y, McEvoy CT, Allen IE, Yaffe K. Association of sleep-disordered breathing with cognitive function and risk of cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74 (10) 1237-1245
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 101 Dunietz GL, Chervin RD, Burke JF, Conceicao AS, Braley TJ. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults. Sleep 2021; 44 (09) 44
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 102 André C, Kuhn E, Rehel S. et al; Medit-Ageing Research Group. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and medial temporal lobe atrophy in cognitively unimpaired amyloid-positive older adults. Neurology 2023; 101 (04) e370-e385
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 103 Leonhard AG, Kapur VK. Beyond traditional hypoxemia metrics: hypoxic burden as a predictor of cognitive dysfunction in sleep apnea. Sleep (Basel) 2025; 48 (03) zsae292
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 104 Breen DP, Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Foltynie T, Barker RA. Excessive daytime sleepiness and its risk factors in incident Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84 (02) 233-234
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 105 Sohail S, Yu L, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Buchman AS, Lim ASP. Sleep fragmentation and Parkinson's disease pathology in older adults without Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32 (12) 1729-1737
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 106 Osorio RS, Pirraglia E, Agüera-Ortiz LF. et al. Greater risk of Alzheimer's disease in older adults with insomnia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59 (03) 559-562
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 107 Pase MP, Himali JJ, Grima NA. et al. Sleep architecture and the risk of incident dementia in the community. Neurology 2017; 89 (12) 1244-1250
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 108 Otaiku AI. Association of sleep abnormalities in older adults with risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Sleep 2022; 45 (11) 45
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 109 Volicer L, Harper DG, Manning BC, Goldstein R, Satlin A. Sundowning and circadian rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (05) 704-711
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 110 Del Olmo M, Schmal C, Mizaikoff C. et al. Are circadian amplitudes and periods correlated? A new twist in the story. F1000 Res 2024; 12: 1077
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 111 Breen DP, Vuono R, Nawarathna U. et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm regulation in early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (05) 589-595
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 112 Hooghiemstra AM, Eggermont LH, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Scherder EJ. The rest-activity rhythm and physical activity in early-onset dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2015; 29 (01) 45-49
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 113 Naismith SL, Hickie IB, Terpening Z. et al. Circadian misalignment and sleep disruption in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38 (04) 857-866
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 114 Chen S-J, Deng Y-T, Li Y-Z. et al. Association of circadian rhythms with brain disorder incidents: a prospective cohort study of 72242 participants. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12 (01) 514
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 115 Leng Y, Blackwell T, Cawthon PM, Ancoli-Israel S, Stone KL, Yaffe K. Association of circadian abnormalities in older adults with an increased risk of developing Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77 (10) 1270-1278
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 116 Musiek ES, Bhimasani M, Zangrilli MA, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Ju YS. Circadian rest-activity pattern changes in aging and preclinical Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75 (05) 582-590
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 117 Riemersma-van der Lek RF, Swaab DF, Twisk J, Hol EM, Hoogendijk WJ, Van Someren EJ. Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299 (22) 2642-2655
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 118 Videnovic A, Klerman EB, Wang W, Marconi A, Kuhta T, Zee PC. Timed light therapy for sleep and daytime sleepiness associated with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74 (04) 411-418
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 119 Lee BH, Hille B, Koh DS. Serotonin modulates melatonin synthesis as an autocrine neurotransmitter in the pineal gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118 (43) 118
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 120 Cardoso FDS, Barrett DW, Wade Z, Gomes da Silva S, Gonzalez-Lima F. Photobiomodulation of cytochrome c oxidase by chronic transcranial laser in young and aged brains. Front Neurosci 2022; 16: 818005
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 121 Kress GJ, Liao F, Dimitry J. et al. Regulation of amyloid-β dynamics and pathology by the circadian clock. J Exp Med 2018; 215 (04) 1059-1068
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 122 Ma Z, Jiang W, Zhang EE. Orexin signaling regulates both the hippocampal clock and the circadian oscillation of Alzheimer's disease-risk genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 36035
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 123 GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20 (10) 795-820
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 124 Baillieul S, Dekkers M, Brill AK. et al. Sleep apnoea and ischaemic stroke: current knowledge and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21 (01) 78-88
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 125 Johnson KG, Johnson DC. Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med 2010; 6 (02) 131-137
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 126 Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, Skatrud JB, Bradley TD. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172 (11) 1447-1451
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 127 Redline S, Yenokyan G, Gottlieb DJ. et al. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and incident stroke: the sleep heart health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182 (02) 269-277
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 128 Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T. et al. Silent brain infarction and platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (06) 612-617
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 129 Lin HJ, Yeh JH, Hsieh MT, Hsu CY. Continuous positive airway pressure with good adherence can reduce risk of stroke in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 54: 101354
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 130 Lee SJ, Kim JS, Song IU, An JY, Kim YI, Lee KS. Poststroke restless legs syndrome and lesion location: anatomical considerations. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (01) 77-84
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 131 Winkelman JW, Shahar E, Sharief I, Gottlieb DJ. Association of restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Neurology 2008; 70 (01) 35-42
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 132 Bertisch SM, Pollock BD, Mittleman MA. et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep 2018; 41 (06) 41
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 133 Sawadogo W, Adera T, Alattar M, Perera R, Burch JB. Association between insomnia symptoms and trajectory with the risk of stroke in the Health and Retirement Study. Neurology 2023; 101 (05) e475-e488
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 134 Luo Y, Yu G, Liu Y, Zhuge C, Zhu Y. Sleep quality after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102 (20) e33777
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 135 Miano S, Fanfulla F, Nobili L. et al. SAS CARE 1: sleep architecture changes in a cohort of patients with ischemic stroke/TIA. Sleep Med 2022; 98: 106-113
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 136 Duss SB, Bauer-Gambelli SA, Bernasconi C. et al. Frequency and evolution of sleep-wake disturbances after ischemic stroke: a 2-year prospective study of 437 patients. Sleep Med 2023; 101: 244-251
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 137 Varadharasu S, Das N. Sleep hygiene efficacy on quality of sleep and mental ability among insomniac patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13 (10) 4693-4698
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 138 Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C. et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res 2017; 26 (06) 675-700
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 139 Siengsukon CF, Nelson E, Williams-Cooke C. et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia to enhance cognitive function and reduce the rate of Aβ deposition in older adults with symptoms of insomnia: a single-site randomized pilot clinical trial protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 99: 106190
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 140 Zhang Z, Xue P, Bendlin BB. et al. Melatonin: a potential nighttime guardian against Alzheimer's. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30 (01) 237-250
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 141 Sumsuzzman DM, Choi J, Jin Y, Hong Y. Neurocognitive effects of melatonin treatment in healthy adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127: 459-473
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 142 Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J. et al. Physiological levels of melatonin relate to cognitive function and depressive symptoms: the HEIJO-KYO cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100 (08) 3090-3096
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 143 Mignot E, Mayleben D, Fietze I. et al; investigators. Safety and efficacy of daridorexant in patients with insomnia disorder: results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21 (02) 125-139
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 144 Zhou M, Tang S. Effect of a dual orexin receptor antagonist on Alzheimer's disease: sleep disorders and cognition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9: 984227
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 145 Evans R, Kimura H, Alexander R. et al. Orexin 2 receptor-selective agonist danavorexton improves narcolepsy phenotype in a mouse model and in human patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119 (35) e2207531119
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 146 Suresh V, Bardhan M, Ghosh S. et al. Exploring the role of Orexin-A neuropeptide in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 242: 108320
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 147 Cesari M, Stefani A, Penzel T. et al. Interrater sleep stage scoring reliability between manual scoring from two European sleep centers and automatic scoring performed by the artificial intelligence-based Stanford-STAGES algorithm. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17 (06) 1237-1247
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 148 Cesari M, Portscher A, Stefani A. et al. Machine learning predicts phenoconversion from polysomnography in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. Brain Sci 2024; 14 (09) 871
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 149 Zhao H, Cao J, Xie J. et al. Wearable sensors and features for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review. Digit Health 2023;9:20552076231173569
    PubMed
  • 150 Stephansen JB, Olesen AN, Olsen M. et al. Neural network analysis of sleep stages enables efficient diagnosis of narcolepsy. Nat Commun 2018; 9 (01) 5229
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 151 de Zambotti M, Goldstein C, Cook J. et al. State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research. Sleep 2024; 47 (04) 47
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 152 Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med 2023; 29 (08) 1930-1940
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar