Synlett
DOI: 10.1055/a-2317-3672
letter

Heterogenization of [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 on Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials for Photocatalytic Applications

Malik Sebbat
a   Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, 68100 Mulhouse, France
,
Anish Lazar
b   Université de Haute Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France
c   Université de Strasbourg, 6700 Strasbourg, France
,
Claire Laurent
a   Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, 68100 Mulhouse, France
,
Christelle Despas
d   Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), 54000 Nancy, France
,
Neus Vilà
d   Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), 54000 Nancy, France
,
Alain Walcarius
d   Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), 54000 Nancy, France
,
Nathan McClenaghan
e   Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Sciences des Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255, 33405 Talence, France
,
Emmanuel Oheix
b   Université de Haute Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France
c   Université de Strasbourg, 6700 Strasbourg, France
,
Bénédicte Lebeau
b   Université de Haute Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France
c   Université de Strasbourg, 6700 Strasbourg, France
,
a   Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, 68100 Mulhouse, France
,
Jean-Philippe Goddard
a   Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, 68100 Mulhouse, France
› Author Affiliations
This study was supported by a public grant from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-21-CE07-044, PHOTOMATON2).


Abstract

Herein, the preparation and characterization of three Ru-based heterogeneous photocatalysts supported on ordered mesoporous silica materials are reported. The photocatalytic activity of these catalysts was evaluated through oxidation, reduction, cycloaddition, and carboxylation reactions and their efficiencies are comparable to the parent [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 under homogeneous conditions. These photocatalysts are efficiently recovered even after five reaction cycles offering new opportunities in sustainable chemistry.

Supporting Information



Publication History

Received: 10 April 2024

Accepted after revision: 30 April 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
30 April 2024

Article published online:
11 June 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References and Notes

  • 1 Anastas PT. Chem. Rev. 2007; 107: 2167
    • 2a Candish L, Collins KD, Cook CG, Douglas JJ, Gomez-Suarez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Chem. Rev. 2022; 122: 2907
    • 2b McAtee C, McClain EJ, Stephenson CR. J. Trends Chem. 2019; 1: 111
    • 2c Shaw MH, Twilton J, Macmillan DW. C. J. Org. Chem. 2016; 81: 6898
    • 2d Goddard J.-P, Ollivier C, Fensterbank L. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016; 49: 1924
    • 2e Prier CK, Rankic DA, MacMillan DW. C. Chem. Rev. 2013; 113: 5322
  • 3 Sellet N, Cormier M, Goddard J.-P. Org. Chem. Front. 2021; 8: 6783
    • 4a Savateev A, Antonietti M. ACS Catal. 2018; 8: 9790
    • 4b Lang X, Chen X, Zhao J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014; 43: 473
    • 5a Rana P, Kaushik B, Solanki K, Mohan Saini K, Sharla RK. Chem. Commun. 2022; 58: 11354
    • 5b Yakushev AA, Abel AS, Averin AD, Beletskaya IP, Cheprakov AV, Ziankou IS, Bonneviot L, Bessmertnykh-Lemeune A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022; 458: 214331
    • 5c Hong MakC, Han X, Du M, Kai J.-J, Tsang KF, Jia G, Cheng K.-C, Shen H.-H, Hsu H.-Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021; 9: 4454
  • 6 Santiago-Portillo A, Baldovi HG, Carbonell E, Navalon S, Alvaro M, Garcia H, Ferrer B. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018; 122: 29190
    • 7a Peng H, Romero T, Papaefthimiou V, Bertani P, Ritleng V. Mol. Catal. 2023; 545: 113183
    • 7b Wang C.-A, Han Y.-F, Nie K, Li Y.-W. Mater. Chem. Front. 2019; 3: 1909
    • 7c Zhang X, Li Y, Hao X, Jin K, Zhang R, Duan C. Tetrahedron 2018; 74: 1742
    • 7d Liang Y, Bergbreiter DE. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2016; 6: 215
    • 7e Priyadarshani N, Liang Y, Suriboot J, Bazzi HS, Bergbreiter DE. ACS Macro Lett. 2013; 2: 571
    • 7f Wang J.-L, Wang C, deKrafft KE, Lin W. ACS Catal. 2012; 2: 417
    • 8a Blanchard V, Asbai Z, Cottet K, Boissonnat G, Port M, Amara Z.. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2020; 24: 822
    • 8b Teixeira RI, de Lucas NC, Garden SJ, Lanterna AE, Scaiano JC. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2020; 10: 1273
    • 8c Tambosco B, Segura K, Seyrig C, Cabrera D, Port M, Ferroud C, Amara Z. ACS Catal. 2018; 8: 4383
  • 9 Soria-Castro SM, Lebeau B, Cormier M, Neunlist S, Daou J, Goddard J.-P. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2020; 1572
  • 10 Mahmoud N, Awassa J, Toufaily J, Lebeau B, Daou TJ, Cormier M, Goddard J.-P. Molecules 2023; 28: 549
    • 11a Wang Y, Zhao D. Chem. Rev. 2007; 107: 2821
    • 11b Hoffmann F, Cornelius M, Morelle J, Fröba M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006; 45: 3216
    • 12a Roja-Luna R, Castillo-Rodriguez M, Ruiz JR, Jiménez-Sanchidrian C, Esquivel D, Romero-Salguero FJ. Dalton Trans. 2022; 51: 18708
    • 12b Waki M, Shirai S, Yamanaka K.-I, Maegawa Y, Inagaki S. RSC Adv. 2020; 10: 13960
    • 12c Takeda H, Ohashi M, Goto Y, Ohsuna T, Tani T, Inagaki S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016; 26: 5068
    • 12d Jana A, Mondal J, Borah P, Mondal S, Bhaumik A, Zhao Y. Chem. Commun. 2015; 51: 10746
  • 13 Walcarius A, Nasraoui R, Wang Z, Qu F, Urganova V, Etienne M, Göllü M, Demir AS, Gajdzik J, Hempelmann R. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 82: 46
  • 14 Zhao D, Huo Q, Feng J, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998; 120: 6024
  • 15 Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ, Vartuli JC, Beck JS. Nature 1992; 359: 710
  • 16 Vilà N, Ghanbaja J, Aubert E, Walcarius A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 2945
  • 17 Despas C, Walcarius A, Bessière J. Langmuir 1999; 15: 3186
  • 18 Condie AG, González-Gómez JC, Stephenson CR. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 1464
  • 19 General Procedure for Photocatalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (8, 59.83 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1 equiv) and PCat (0.0025 mmol, 1 mol%) were added in 1 mL of freshly distilled MeNO2 in a flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and irradiated with a blue LED (420 nm) at 5 cm for 24 h under air. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (pentane/diethyl ether, 80:20, v/v) to afford 9 as a yellow oil.
  • 20 Maity S, Zhu M, Shinabery RS, Zheng N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012; 51: 222
  • 21 General Procedure for the Photocatalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition N-Cyclopropylaniline (10, 26.64 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv), PCat (0.004 mmol, 0.02 equiv), styrene (11, 0.11 mL, 1 mmol, 5 equiv), and 1.12 mL of distilled and degassed MeNO2 were added in a flask. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and irradiated with a blue LED (420 nm) at 5 cm for 24 h under air. The mixture was filtered over a Celite® pad with diethyl ether, and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The mixture was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE/EtOAc, 95:5, v/v) to afford 12 as a yellow oil (dr = 60:40).
  • 22 Tucker JW, Narayanam JM. R, Krabbe SW, Stephenson CR. J. Org. Lett. 2010; 12: 368
  • 23 General Procedure for Photocatalytic Reduction of Bromomalonate The corresponding substrate 13 (0.076 mmol, 1 equiv) and PCat (0.0008 mmol, 1 mol%) was added in a flask equipped with magnetic stir bar evacuated and back-filled with nitrogen (N2) with 1 mL of freshly degassed DMF. Et3N (0.021 mL, 0.15 mmol, 2 equiv) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and irradiated with blue LED (420 nm) placed at 5 cm for 24 h. 25 mL of water were added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 25 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO4, and evaporated under vacuum. Full conversions were observed for all the substrates, and the ratio of 14:15 was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy on the crude reaction.
  • 24 Analytical Data for Dimethyl 2-[4-(1H-indol-1-yl)butyl]malonate (15b, n = 4) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.66 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.39–7.32 (m, 1 H), 7.24 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.18–7.07 (m, 2 H), 6.52 (dd, J = 3.1, 0.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.73 (s, 6 H), 3.35 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.01–1.84 (m, 4 H), 1.36 (m, 2 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 169.7, 135.8, 128.6, 127.8, 121.4,121.0, 119.2, 109.3, 101.0, 52.5, 51.4, 45.9, 29.7, 28.3, 24.6. FT-IR (neat): 3026, 2951, 2865, 1730, 1511, 1462, 1434, 1335, 1313, 1243, 1226, 1195, 1148, 1010, 739 cm–1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd for C17H21NaO4Na: 326.1363; found: 326.1357.
  • 25 Analytical Data for Dimethyl 2-[5-(1H-indol-1-yl)pentyl]malonate (15c, n = 5) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.69 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.30–7.20 (m, 1 H), 7.19–7.08 (m, 2 H), 6.54 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.12 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.76 (s, 6 H), 3.38 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.89 (ddd, J = 20.1, 8.8, 5.5 Hz, 4 H), 1.44–1.30 (m, 4 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 169.7, 135.8, 128.5, 127.7, 121.3, 120.9, 119.1, 109.3, 100.9, 52.4, 51.5, 46.0, 29.8, 28.6, 26.8, 26.5. FT-IR (neat): 3023, 2952, 2862, 1731, 1511, 1484, 1462, 1435, 1313, 1253, 1200, 1153, 1047, 1012, 740 cm–1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd for C18H23NO4Na: 340.1519; found: 340.1516.
  • 26 Yin Z.-B, Ye J.-H, Zhou W.-J, Zhang Y.-H, Ding L, Gui Y.-Y, Yan S.-S, Li J, Yu D.-G. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 190
  • 27 General Procedure for Photocatalytic for Oxy-Difluoroalkylation Compound 16 (45 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1 equiv), PCat (0.001 mmol, 0.5 mol%) and DABCO (0.039 mL, 0.4 mmol, 2 equiv) were added in 2.2 mL of anhydrous DMF (previously degassed with CO2) into a Schlenk tube equipped with magnetic stir bar evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen (N2). Then BrCF2CO2Et (0.038 mL, 0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added dropwise then CO2 was bubbled into the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and irradiated with a blue LED (420 nm) placed at 5 cm for 16 h. 25 mL of brine were added and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 25 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The mixture was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE/EtOAc, 80: 20, v/v) to afford 17 as a white solid.
  • 28 Yeung CS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019; 58: 5492