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J Reconstr Microsurg 2024; 40(09): 680-687
DOI: 10.1055/a-2277-0117
Original Article

The Impact of Marijuana Use on Postoperative Outcomes in Abdominal-based Free Flap Breast Reconstruction

Yi-Hsueh Lu
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
,
Lakshmi Mahajan
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
,
Hayeem Rudy
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
,
Yufan Yan 
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
,
Joseph A. Ricci
3   Department of Plastic Surgery, Northwell Health, Hofstra School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York
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Abstract

Background There is an increasing prevalence of marijuana use in the general population yet clinical studies on marijuana's effect on surgical outcomes remain limited. Marijuana's effect on wound healing, venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to endothelial inflammation, and bleeding due to inhibited platelet function have been cited based on animal models but have not been evaluated clinically in patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction.

Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction in a single institute from August 2018 to December 2022. Patient self-reported marijuana use, demographics, total narcotic use during hospitalization converted to oral morphine milligram equivalent (MME), and 90-day complications were collected and compared.

Results A total of 162 patients were included and 13 patients (8.5%) had reported marijuana use on presurgical history. Marijuana users are more likely to be younger and report concurrent nicotine smoking. Marijuana users were also at a significantly elevated risk of developing symptomatic VTE (15 vs. 1%; odds ratio (OR) 13.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71–104.2]; p = 0.01) and marijuana use remained a significant risk factor with multivariate analysis. On postoperative 90-day complications, there was no increased risk of flap loss, reoperation, postoperative transfusion, or hematoma associated with marijuana use, and no significantly increased risk for overall donor or recipient site complications. Marijuana users required significantly more narcotics for pain control during hospitalization (100 ± 77 vs. 49 ± 45 MME; p = 0.0003), although they had similar lengths of stay, achievement of mobilization on post operative day (POD)1, and maximal pain scores.

Conclusion Marijuana use increases the risks of postoperative VTE and increased postoperative narcotic requirements in patients who underwent abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction. Future prospective cohort study is required to further understand marijuana-associated risks in microsurgical procedures.

Keywords

marijuana - cannabis - microsurgical breast reconstruction


Publication History

Received: 26 December 2023

Accepted: 23 February 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
27 February 2024

Article published online:
28 March 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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