An Updated Overview of Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness

Abstract

A painful reduction in shoulder mobility, known as “shoulder stiffness”, can occur both as a primary idiopathic condition and as a secondary condition, for example, following surgical procedures. Various factors can contribute to the development of primary shoulder stiffness. In this review we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic influences, endocrine disorders, metabolic conditions, as well as other diseases and medical-therapeutic approaches that might have an impact on the development of primary shoulder stiffness.

Keywords

shoulder stiffness - frozen shoulder - adhesive capsulitis - inflammation - risk factors

Publication History

Received: 30 August 2023

Accepted: 11 January 2024

Article published online:
08 March 2024

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