A Review on Benzimidazole Heterocyclic Compounds: Synthesis and Their Medicinal Activity Applications

Abstract

Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic compound that contains two nitrogen atoms and is formed by fusing a benzene ring with an imidazole. Benzimidazole and its derivatives are prepared in a range of ways, including condensation of o-phenylenediamine with carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) or with carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Benzimidazoles can also be prepared by rearranging other heterocyclic compounds such as quinoxaline derivatives and triazole derivatives. In recent decades, benzimidazoles have been prepared using green methods such as microwaves and ultrasound, the use of environmentally friendly catalysts, and by using photochemical reactions. Benzimidazoles have attracted the interest of scientists and researchers due to the great medical efficacy exhibited by such derivatives against various diseases. The benzimidazole derivatives show many pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and antiviral action. This review focuses on benzimidazole and its derivatives, the most important methods used for its preparation, as well as the biological applications of the compound in our daily lives.

1 Introduction

2 Imidazole and Benzimidazole

3 Methods of Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives

3.1 Condensation of 2-Aminoaniline (o-Phenylenediamine)

3.2 Via Rearrangement

3.3 Green Synthesis of Benzimidazole

4 Biological Activity of Benzimidazole Derivatives

4.1 Anticancer Activity

4.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity

4.3 Antioxidant Activity

4.4 Anticonvulsants Activity

4.5 Anticoagulants Activity

4.6 Antimicrobial Activity

4.7 Other Biological Applications

5 Conclusion

Keywords

benzimidazole - o-phenylenediamine - green chemistry - biological activities

Publication History

Received: 18 June 2023

Accepted after revision: 17 August 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
17 August 2023

Article published online:
22 November 2023

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