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CC BY 4.0 · SynOpen 2023; 07(02): 243-257
DOI: 10.1055/a-2081-9249
review

Recent Developments in Ultrasound-Promoted Aqueous-Mediated Greener Synthesis of Biologically Vital Indole Derivatives

Kanaram Choupra
,
Ashish Kumar Aheer
,
Anshu Dandia∗
,
Meenakshi Jain∗
,
Amit Sharma  ∗
Financial support was provided by the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (No. F.30-572/2021-BSR) and by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract

The extensive range of uses of N-heterocycles as potent bioactive motifs has attracted researchers to expand newer methods for their efficient synthesis. Particularly, indoles are widely known for their prevalent pharmacological properties. Green chemistry provides various synthetic tools viz. alternative energy resources, nonconventional solvents, nano-catalysts, etc. Modern strategies of using ultrasound as an alternative energy resource in organic synthesis has led to the development of environment friendly and cost-effective techniques. The chemical and mechanical effects of ultrasound waves impart significant enhancement in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. The exclusive physicochemical properties of water offer widespread utility for carrying out organic reactions in this medium. The aim of this review article is to provide an inclusive summary of the combined use of ultrasound and aqueous media for the facile synthesis of biologically vital indole derivatives.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of Biologically Vital Indoles

2.1 Spirocyclic Indoles

2.2 Non-spiro 3-Substituted Indoles

2.3 Miscellaneous Indole Syntheses

3 Conclusions

Key words

green synthesis - indoles - aqueous medium - ultrasound - alternative energy


Publication History

Received: 05 January 2023

Accepted after revision: 20 April 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
26 April 2023

Article published online:
24 May 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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