Combined Training Improves Executive Functions Without Changing
                    Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels of Middle-Aged and Older Adults with
                    Type 2 Diabetes

João Gabriel Silveira-Rodrigues; Nathálya Gardênia de Holanda Marinho Nogueira; Larissa Oliveira Faria; Daniele Sirineu Pereira; Danusa Dias Soares

doi:10.1055/a-2069-4050

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, Table of Contents

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131(06): 345-353
DOI: 10.1055/a-2069-4050

Article

Combined Training Improves Executive Functions Without Changing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels of Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

João Gabriel Silveira-Rodrigues

¹Exercise Physiology Laboratory (Lafise), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil

,

Nathálya Gardênia de Holanda Marinho Nogueira

²School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil

,

Larissa Oliveira Faria

³Sport Psychology Laboratory (Lapes), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil

,

Daniele Sirineu Pereira

⁴Department of Physical Therapy, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil

,

Danusa Dias Soares

¹Exercise Physiology Laboratory (Lafise), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) provokes executive function and long-term memory decrements, and aerobic plus resistance training (combined training) may alleviate this T2DM-related cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been found to be related to cognitive performance.

Aim To analyze the effects of 8-week combined training on executive functions and circulating BDNF levels of subjects with T2DM and verify the association between BDNF levels and combined training-induced changes in executive functions and long-term memory.

Methods Thirty-five (63±8 years old) subjects of both sexes were allocated to combined training (n=17, thrice weekly for 8 weeks) or the control group (n=18). Executive functions (evaluated through Trail making test, Stroop color task, and Digit Span), long-term memory (evaluated through the Taylor Complex Figure Test simplified), and plasma samples were compared pre- and post-intervention.

Results Combined training improved executive function z-score compared to control (d=1.31). Otherwise, BDNF levels were not statistically altered (combined training group: 179±88 pg/mL vs. 148±108 pg/mL; control group: 163±71 pg/mL vs. 141±84 pg/mL, p>0.05). However, pre-training BDNF levels explained 50.4% of the longitudinal improvements in composite executive function z-score (r=0.71, p<0.01), 33.6% of inhibitory control (r=0.58; p=0.02), and 31.4% of cognitive flexibility (r=0.56, p=0.04) in the combined training group.

Conclusion Combined training improved executive functions independently of alterations in resting BDNF levels after 8 weeks. Furthermore, pre-training BDNF levels explained one-half of the variance in combined training-induced improvements in executive functions.

Key words

physical exercise - cognitive performance - inhibitory control - cognitive flexibility - memory

Full Text

References

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Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material